UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

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(Mark one)

x     ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

OR

o     TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______to______.

Commission File Number: 0-26824

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RENNOVA HEALTH, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (561) 855-1626

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Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. o Yes   x No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. o Yes   x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes   o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). x Yes   o No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.     o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). o Yes   x No

State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2016 was $2,862,089.

As of March 29, 2017, the registrant had 5,781,670 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference:

Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the definitive Proxy Statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year covered by this report or, alternatively, by amendment to this Form 10-K under cover of Form 10-K/A no later than the end of such 120-day period.

RENNOVA HEALTH, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are “forward-looking statements” (within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) regarding the plans and objectives of management for future operations. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements of the Registrant to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included herein are based on current expectations that involve numerous risks and uncertainties. The Registrant's plans and objectives are based, in part, on assumptions involving the continued expansion of business. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond the control of the Registrant. Although the Registrant believes its assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, any of the assumptions could prove to be inaccurate and, therefore, there can be no assurance the forward-looking statements included in this Report will prove to be accurate. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by the Registrant or any other person that the objectives and plans of the Registrant will be achieved.

The forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K and referred to elsewhere are related to future events, our strategies or future financial performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “future,” “potential,” “estimate,” “encourage,” “opportunity,” “growth,” “leader,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “expand,” “focus,” “through,” “strategy,” “provide,” “offer,” “allow,” “commitment,” “implement,” “result,” “increase,” “establish,” “perform,” “make,” “continue,” “can,” “ongoing,” “include” or the negative of such terms or comparable terminology. All forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K are based on information available to us as of the filing date of this report, and the Company assumes no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Our actual results could differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements include those described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

PART I

Rennova Health, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “Rennova”, “we” or the “Company”) is a provider of an expanding group of health care services for healthcare providers, their patients and individuals. Historically, we have operated our business under one management team, but beginning in 2017, the Company intends to operate in four synergistic divisions with specialized management: 1) Clinical diagnostics through its clinical laboratories; 2) supportive software solutions to healthcare providers including Electronic Health Records (“EHR”), Laboratory Information Systems and Medical Billing services; 3) Decision support and interpretation of cancer and genomic diagnostics; and 4) the recent addition of a hospital in Tennessee. We believe that our approach will produce a more sustainable relationship and the capture of multiple revenue streams from medical providers.

Historically, we have specialized in providing urine and blood drug toxicology and pain medication testing to physicians, clinics and rehabilitation facilities in the United States. We intend to expand our business operations in each sector in which we focus and will continue to assess the best way to do so. We may consider the sale of or spin-off of one or more of our business operations if deemed to be the best way to create value for our shareholders.

History and Development of the Company

Medytox Solutions, Inc. (“Medytox”) was organized on July 20, 2005 under the laws of the State of Nevada. In the first half of 2011, Medytox’s management elected to reorganize as a holding company, and Medytox established and acquired a number of companies in the medical service sector between 2011 and 2014.

On November 2, 2015, pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 15, 2015, by and among CollabRx, Inc. (“CollabRx”), CollabRx Merger Sub, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of CollabRx formed for the purpose of the merger, and Medytox, Merger Sub merged with and into Medytox, with Medytox as the surviving company and a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of CollabRx (the “Merger”). Prior to closing, the Company amended its certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-10 reverse stock split and to change its name to Rennova Health, Inc. In connection with the Merger, (i) each share of common stock of Medytox was converted into the right to receive 0.4096 shares of common stock of the Company, (ii) each share of Series B Preferred Stock of Medytox was converted into the right to receive one share of a newly-authorized Series B Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company, and (iii) each share of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock of Medytox was converted into the right to receive one share of a newly-authorized Series E Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company. This transaction was accounted for as a reverse merger in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and, as such, the historical financial statements of Medytox became the historical financial statements of the Company.

Holders of Company equity prior to the closing of the Merger (including all outstanding Company common stock and all restricted stock units, options and warrants exercisable for shares of Company common stock) held 10% of the Company’s common stock immediately following the closing of the Merger, and holders of Medytox equity prior to the closing of the Merger (including all outstanding Medytox common stock and all outstanding options exercisable for shares of Medytox common stock, but less certain options that were cancelled upon the closing pursuant to agreements between Medytox and such optionees) held 90% of the Company’s common stock immediately following the closing of the Merger, in each case on a fully diluted basis, provided, however, outstanding shares of the newly-designated Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, certain outstanding convertible promissory notes exercisable for Company common stock after the closing and certain option grants expected to be made following the closing of the Merger are excluded from such ownership percentages.

On November 3, 2015, the common stock of Rennova Health, Inc. commenced trading on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “RNVA.” Prior to that date, our common stock was listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CLRX.” Immediately after the consummation of the Merger, the Company had 13,750,010 shares of common stock, 5,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and 45,000 shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding.

Recent Developments

On April 9, 2017, Robert Lee and Dr. Paul Billings resigned from our Board of Directors. Mr. Lee and Dr. Billings were the two independent directors and were members of the Audit, Compensation and Nominating/Corporate Governance Committees of the Board. On April 9, 2017, the remaining members of the Board elected Trevor Langley and Dr. Kamran Ajami as directors to fill those two Board vacancies. The Board of Directors determined that both of the new directors qualify as “independent” under the Listing Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Trevor Langley, 55, since 1997 has been the Owner and Managing Partner of Avanti Capital Group LLC/Avanti Partners LLC (“Avanti”). Avanti assists micro, small and mid-cap publicly traded companies and those looking to become public by leveraging traditional and new communication strategies, with a specialization in healthcare and alternative energy markets.  Avanti also provides comprehensive consulting services.

Dr. Kamran Ajami, 58, is a pathologist and, since February 2011, has been the Medical Director of the laboratories at West Side Regional Medical Center and Plantation General Hospital. Since 1997, he has also been Owner and Chief Executive Officer of American Cytopathology Associates PA, which supplies medical directors for laboratories.

The Board named Mr. Langley and Dr. Ajami as members of the Audit Committee, with Mr. Langley as Chairman.  In addition to each of them being “independent”, the Board of Directors determined that each of them is “financially literate” as required by the Listing Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market and that Mr. Langley qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the rules and regulations of the SEC and meets the qualifications of “financial sophistication” under the Listing Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market. The Board named Mr. Langley and Dr. Ajami also as members of the Compensation Committee (with Mr. Langley as Chairman) and of the Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee (with Dr. Ajami as Chairman).

On March 21, 2017, we closed an offering of $10,850,000 principal amount of Senior Secured Original Issue Discount Convertible Debentures due March 21, 2019 (the “New Debentures”) and three series of warrants to purchase an aggregate of 19,608,426 shares of common stock, as further described below (each a “Warrant” and, collectively, the “Warrants”). The offering was pursuant to the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 15, 2017 (the “Purchase Agreement”), between the Company and certain existing institutional investors of the Company. The Company received proceeds of approximately $8.4 million from the offering, after giving effect to the original issue discounts and transaction expenses. The net proceeds were used to pay down certain related party and other indebtedness (see “Liquidity and Corporate Reserves”) and for general corporate purposes.

Also on March 21, 2017, we closed an exchange by which the holders of the Company’s Original Issue Discount Convertible Debentures issued on February 2, 2017 and holders of the Company’s Series H Convertible Preferred Stock exchanged $1,590,000 principal amount of such debentures and $2,174,000 stated value of such preferred stock for $5,160,260 principal amount of new debentures on the same items as, and pari passu with, the New Debentures (the “Exchange Debentures” and, together with the New Debentures, the “Debentures”) and Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,325,773 shares of common stock. All issuance amounts of Debentures reflect a 24% original issue discount.

The Debentures are convertible at any time at an initial conversion price of $1.66. The New Debentures begin to amortize monthly commencing on the 90th day following March 21, 2017 and the Exchange Debentures begin to amortize monthly immediately. On each monthly amortization date, the Company may elect to repay 5% of the original principal amount of Debentures in cash or, in lieu thereof, the conversion price of such Debentures shall thereafter be 85% of the volume weighted average price at the time of conversion. In the event the Company does not elect to pay such amortization amounts in cash, each investor, in their sole discretion, may increase the conversion amount subject to the alternative conversion price by up to four times the amortization amount. The Debentures contain customary affirmative and negative covenants. The conversion price is subject to reset in the event of offerings or other issuances of common stock, or rights to purchase common stock, at a price below the then conversion price, as well as other customary antidilution protections.

The Series A Warrants are exercisable for up to a number of shares of Common Stock equal to 100% of the shares underlying the Debentures, or an aggregate of 9,644,736 shares. They are immediately exercisable and have a term of exercise equal to five years. The Series B Warrants are exercisable for up to a number of shares of Common Stock equal to 100% of the shares underlying the Debentures, or an aggregate of 9,644,736 shares, and are exercisable for a period of 18 months commencing immediately. The Series C Warrants are exercisable for up to a number of shares of Common Stock equal to 100% of the shares underlying the Debentures, or an aggregate of 9,644,736 shares, and have a term of five years provided such Warrants shall only vest if, when and to the extent that the holders exercise the Series B Warrants. The Series A and Series C Warrants each have an exercise price of $1.95 and the Series B Warrants have an exercise price of $1.66. The exercise price of all Warrants is subject to reset in the event of offerings or other issuances of common stock, or rights to purchase common stock, at a price below the then exercise price, as well as other customary anti-dilution protections.

Holders of Debentures and Warrants are prohibited from converting or exercising such Debentures or Warrants into or for Common Stock if, as a result of such conversion or exercise, the holder, together with its affiliates, would own more than 4.99% of the total number of shares of Common Stock then issued and outstanding. However, any holder may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99%, provided that any increase in such percentage shall not be effective until 61 days after notice to the Company.

The Company is obligated to file a registration statement registering for resale the shares underlying the Debentures and Warrants on or before April 7, 2017 and use best efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective within 45 days or 75 days if reviewed. Additionally, the Company is required to seek stockholder approval to issue in excess of 20% of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock. The holders were also granted a right of participation in up to 50% of any future offerings for so long as the Debentures and Warrants are outstanding.

On February 7, 2017, our Board of Directors approved an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation to effect a 1-for-30 reverse stock split of the Company’s shares of common stock effective on February 22, 2017 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The stockholders of the Company had previously approved, on December 22, 2016, an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse split of all of the Company’s shares of common stock at a specific ratio within a range from 1-for-10 to 1-for-30, and granted authorization to the Board of Directors to determine in its discretion the specific ratio and timing of the reverse split prior to December 31, 2017.

As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 30 shares of the Company’s then outstanding common stock was combined and reclassified into one share of the Company’s common stock. Proportionate voting rights and other rights of common stockholders were not affected by the Reverse Stock Split, other than as a result of the rounding up of fractional shares. Stockholders who would have otherwise held a fractional share of common stock had their holdings rounded up to the nearest full share, as no fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split.

The reverse stock split became effective at the close of business on February 22, 2017 and our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market on a post-split basis on February 23, 2017. The par value and other terms of the common stock were not affected by the Reverse Stock Split. The authorized capital of the Company of 500,000,000 shares of common stock and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock were also unaffected by the Reverse Stock Split. All outstanding preferred shares, stock options, warrants, convertible notes and equity incentive plans immediately prior to the Reverse Stock Split were adjusted by dividing the number of shares of common stock into which the preferred shares, stock options, warrants, notes and equity incentive plans of the common stock were exercisable or convertible by 30 and multiplying the exercise or conversion price by 30. All share and per share amounts discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been retroactively restated to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split.

On January 13, 2017, we closed on an asset purchase agreement to acquire certain assets related to Scott County Community Hospital, based in Oneida, Tennessee (the “Hospital Assets”). The Hospital Assets include a 52,000 square foot hospital building and 6,300 square foot professional building on approximately 4.3 acres. Scott County Community Hospital is classified as a Critical Access Hospital (rural) with 25 beds, a 24/7 emergency department, operating rooms and a laboratory that provides a range of diagnostic services. Scott County Community Hospital closed in July 2016 in connection with the bankruptcy filing of its parent company, Pioneer Health Services, Inc. We acquired the Hospital Assets out of bankruptcy for a purchase price of $1.0 million. We expect to have the hospital open in part in the second quarter of 2017, and that the hospital will be fully operational by the third quarter of 2017, in each case, subject to the receipt of the necessary licenses and regulatory approvals.

On January 11, 2017, we were notified by Nasdaq that we no longer comply with Nasdaq's audit committee requirements as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605 (the "Rule"), which requires the audit committee of the Company's Board of Directors to have at least three members, each of whom must be independent directors as defined under the Rule. With the passing of one of our directors, Benjamin Frank, in December of 2016, our audit committee currently consists of two independent directors. In accordance with Nasdaq Rule 5605(c)(4), we have until the earlier of our next annual shareholders' meeting or December 18, 2017 to regain compliance; or, if our next annual shareholders' meeting is held before June 16, 2017, then we must evidence compliance no later than June 16, 2017. If we do not regain compliance by the foregoing applicable dates, then Nasdaq will provide written notification to us that our securities will be delisted.

Our Services

We are a healthcare enterprise that delivers products and services to healthcare providers, their patients and individuals. Historically, we have operated our business under one management team, but beginning in 2017, we intend to operate in four synergistic divisions with specialized management: 1) Clinical diagnostics through our clinical laboratories; 2) supportive software solutions to healthcare providers including Electronic Health Records (“EHR”), Laboratory Information Systems and Medical Billing services; 3) Decision support and interpretation of cancer and genomic diagnostics; and 4) the recent addition of a hospital in Tennessee. We aspire to create a more sustainable relationship with our customers by offering needed and interoperable solutions to capture multiple revenue streams from medical providers.

Clinical Diagnostics

Our principal line of business over the past few years has been clinical laboratory blood and urine testing services, with a particular emphasis on the provision of urine drug toxicology testing to physicians, clinics and rehabilitation facilities in the United States. As we expand our customer base to include pain management and other healthcare providers, testing services to rehabilitation facilities represented approximately 75% of the Company’s revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 and approximately 95% of the Company’s revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. We believe that we are responding to the challenges faced by today’s healthcare providers to adopt paper free and interoperable systems, and to market demand for solutions by strategically expanding our offering of diagnostics services to include a full suite of clinical laboratory services. The drug and alcohol rehabilitation and pain management sectors provide an existing and sizable target market, where the need for our services already exists and opportunity is being created by a continued secular growth and need for compliance.

In 2016 we added genetic testing, specifically pharmacogenetic testing, to our array of services. Genetic testing represents the most rapidly expanding segment of the diagnostics market worldwide. Growing incidence of genetic diseases presents new opportunities for genetic testing. According to a report issued by Global Industry Analysts, Inc., the global market for genetic testing is forecast to reach $2.2 billion by 2017. Increasing knowledge about the potential benefits of genetic testing is one of the prime reasons for the growth of the market. Advancements in the genetic testing space, an aging population and a corresponding rise in the number of chronic diseases, and increasing incidence of cancer cases are other factors propelling growth in the genetic testing market.

Primary revenue generating activity in this market revolves around DNA profiling aimed at better understanding the predisposition for diseases and possible adverse reactions that may occur with drugs that are currently available and/or under clinical development. Rising importance of early infection detection and prevention together with growing demand of DNA tests in pharmacogenomics or cancer genetic testing are significant factors responsible for the anticipated growth. In order to further capitalize on this opportunity, we have entered into an agreement to acquire the remaining outstanding equity interests of Genomas, Inc., a biomedical company that develops PhyzioType Systems for DNA-guided management and prescription of drugs used to treat mental illness, pain, heart disease and diabetes.

The Company owns and operates the following products and services to support its business objectives and to enable it to offer these services to its customers:

Medytox Diagnostics, Inc. (“MDI”)

Through our CLIA certified laboratories, Rennova offers toxicology, clinical pharmacogenetics and esoteric testing. Rennova seeks to provide these testing services with superior logistics and specimen integrity, competitive turn-around times and excellent customer service.

Clinical Laboratory Operations

The Company, through its wholly-owned MDI subsidiary, owns four clinical laboratories, as follows:

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company experienced a substantial decline in the volume of samples processed at its laboratories and continued difficulty in receiving reimbursement for certain diagnostics. As result, in an effort to reduce costs, the Company is currently operating all of its Clinical Laboratory Operations business segment out of its EPIC Reference Labs, Inc. (“EPIC”) laboratory, and cost reduction efforts are continuing in response to the operating losses incurred in 2016. MDI formed EPIC as a wholly-owned subsidiary on January 29, 2013 to provide reference, confirmation and clinical testing services. The Company acquired necessary equipment and licenses in order to allow EPIC to test urine for drugs and medication monitoring. Operations at EPIC began in January 2014 using approximately 2,500 square feet and the premises has since been expanded to occupy approximately 12,500 square feet.

Epinex Diagnostics has initiated a relationship and integration with a California-based Clinical Research Organization that the Company believes will see it providing testing services to this Clinical Research Organization starting in the second quarter of 2017. Alethea Laboratories operates in a State that permits direct to consumer testing but remains subject to certain regulations governing the patient in the State from which they might order a diagnostic.

The Company’s Medytox Medical Marketing & Sales, Inc. (“MMMS”) subsidiary was formed on March 9, 2013 as a wholly-owned subsidiary to provide marketing, sales, and customer service exclusively for our clinical laboratories.

Supportive Software Solutions

Advantage software

Advantage is a proprietary HIPAA compliant software developed to eliminate the need for paper requisitions by providing an easy to use and efficient web-based system that lets customers securely place lab orders, track samples and view test reports in real time from any web-enabled laptop, notepad or smart phone.

Clinlab

ClinLab is a Windows-based web-enabled laboratory information management system. It acts as a HIPAA-compliant data warehouse for lab results and includes reporting, data acquisition, label printing, electronic signoff and numerous interface capabilities to a multitude of reference labs and practice systems that scales from small physician-operated labs to large clinical reference laboratories.

Medical Mime

Medical Mime’s suite of solutions includes a uniquely optimized EHR for substance abuse and behavioral health providers, a dictation-based ambulatory EHR for physician practices, and advanced transcription services. Solutions are web-based, 100% secure, and HIPAA compliant, with remote access, on-site training and intensive 24/7 technical support.

The Company has four operating subsidiaries that provide supportive services, historically primarily to its clinical laboratories and corporate operations and to a lesser but now increasing extent, third party customers.

Medical Billing Choices, Inc. (“MBC”): MBC was acquired by the Company on August 22, 2011 in an agreement that closed in July 2013. MBC provides revenue cycle management services to third party customers, with an initial focus on substance abuse facilities, by utilizing tools designed to improve documentation and collect information, driving faster reimbursement with fewer denied claims. MBC also functions as our in-house billing company which compiles and sends invoices to our Clinical Laboratory Operations customers (primarily insurance companies, Medicaid, Medicare, and Preferred Provider Organizations (“PPOs”)) for reimbursement.

Health Technology Solutions, Inc. (“HTS”): HTS is a wholly-owned subsidiary that provides information technology and software solutions including continued development of software to our subsidiaries and outside medical service providers. This entity provides the set up services for customers and supports our clinical labs and other operations.

ClinLab, Inc. (“ClinLab”): ClinLab was acquired by the Company on March 18, 2014. ClinLab develops and markets laboratory information management systems (“LIS”). ClinLab has installed its LIS into the Company’s laboratories to create a uniform LIS platform throughout the Company’s laboratories.

Medical Mime, Inc. (“Mime”): Mime was formed on May 9, 2014 as a wholly-owned subsidiary that specializes in EHR, initially targeting the rehab marketplace. We launched an enhanced version of our EHR software in the second quarter of 2016, which includes Electronic Medication Administration Records (“eMAR”). Our eMAR enhancement allows physicians to transition additional processes from paper to our software platform. eMAR automates the gathering, consolidating and presenting of data with more speed and accuracy than any manual system.

Decision Support Interpretation of Cancer and Genomic Diagnostics

We own a solution in CollabRx to provide evidence, interpretation and therapy guidance to enhance genomic testing and to provide actionable decision support for standardized, evidence-based cancer care and superior clinical outcomes in precision oncology. We also operate a biomedical company, Genomas, Inc. (“Genomas”), bringing DNA-Guided medicine to clinical practice with products for personalized prescription of drugs used in the treatment of mental illness, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (“CVD”). Our products eliminate trial-and-error prescription with DNA-Guided medicine and enable physicians to treat with unprecedented precision, avoiding significant drug side effects, improving efficacy and enhancing patient compliance. Core applications are drug treatments of mood and thought disorders in mental illness and of cardiometabolic risk in diabetes and CVD.

CollabRx was acquired by the Company on November 2, 2015 via the Merger as discussed above. CollabRx develops and markets medical information and clinical decision support products and services intended to set a standard for the clinical interpretation of genomics-based, precision medicine.  CollabRx offers interpretation and decision support solutions that enhance cancer diagnoses and treatment through actionable data analytics and reporting for oncologists and their patients.

We entered into an agreement to acquire Genomas in late 2016. Genomas has developed PhyzioGenomics technology as a proprietary platform integrating genotypic and phenotypic measures to correlate gene variability with physiological variability. Genomas has established a DNA repository and clinical registry of 6,000 patients with mental illness, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The clinical data from these extensive cohorts is integrated systematically into the PhyzioClinica Database. A PhyzioType System consists of three components: an array of inherited, stable DNA polymorphisms from various genes to establish a patient’s combinatorial genotype, bioclinical algorithms for predicting the patient’s drug response, and a portal for doctors to select the best drug for the patient.

Hospital

The Company believes that the acquisition or development of hospitals will create a stable revenue base as a needed service and believes that it can expand the sales of its products and services to surrounding medical providers and doctors’ groups.

On January 13, 2017, we acquired the Hospital Assets, which include a 52,000 square foot hospital building and 6,300 square foot professional building on approximately 4.3 acres. Scott County Community Hospital, since renamed Big South Fork Medical Center, is classified as a Critical Access Hospital (rural) with 25 beds, a 24/7 emergency department, operating rooms and a laboratory that provides a range of diagnostic services. We expect to have the hospital open in part in the second quarter of 2017, and that the hospital will be fully operational by the third quarter of 2017, in each case, subject to the receipt of the necessary licenses and regulatory approvals.

The hospital had unaudited annual revenues of approximately $12 million, and a normalized EBITDA of approximately $1.3 million for Fiscal 2015, the last full year of the hospital's operation. These revenues were attributable to the typical services of a rural acute care hospital, including emergency room visits, outpatient procedures, diagnostic ancillary tests, physical therapy and inpatient hospital stays. Based on the hospital's historical information, we believe the hospital offers an established patient and stable revenue base as it serves the general healthcare needs of its community and supports local physicians.

Marketing Strategy

Rennova provides a suite of products and services to the medical services sector. We endeavor to be a single source for multiple business solutions that serve the medical services industry. We have invested in a professional sales team, a client services team and proprietary technologies to better serve the needs of the modern-day medical provider. The Company intends to expand, through its acquisition and subsequent integration of businesses, into a robust business model providing an extensive range of services to medical providers that demonstrate improved patient care and outcomes.

Competition

For our diagnostics division, the Company competes in a fragmented industry split between independently-owned and physician-owned laboratories. There are three predominant players in the industry that operate as full-service clinical laboratories (processing blood, urine and other tissue). In addition, the competition ranges from smaller privately-owned laboratories (3-6 employees) to large publicly-traded laboratories with significant market capitalizations.

For our software division the market for practice management, EHR and revenue cycle management (“RCM”) information solutions and related services is highly competitive, and we expect competition to increase in the future. We face competition from other providers of both integrated and stand-alone practice management, EHR and RCM solutions, including competitors who utilize a web-based platform and providers of locally installed software systems. Our competitors also include larger healthcare IT companies with longer operating histories, greater brand recognition and greater financial, marketing and other resources than us. We also compete with various regional RCM companies, some of which may continue to consolidate and expand into broader markets. We expect that competition will continue to increase as a result of consolidation in both the information technology and healthcare industries.

For our decision support and interpretation of cancer and genomic diagnostics sector, while we believe we have some distinguishing and unique features that create a competitive advantage, we also recognize that the sector has attracted many larger companies that have greater financial strength and marketing capabilities.

Governmental Regulation

General

The clinical laboratory industry is subject to significant governmental laws and regulations at the federal, state and local levels. As described below, these laws and regulations concern licensure and operation of clinical laboratories, claim submission and payment for laboratory services, health care fraud and abuse, security, privacy and confidentiality of health information, quality and environmental and occupational safety.

Regulation of Clinical Laboratories

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (“CLIA”) are regulations that include federal standards applicable to all U.S. facilities or sites that test human specimens for health assessment or to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”), in partnership with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) and the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), supports the CLIA program and clinical laboratory quality. CLIA requires that all clinical laboratories meet quality assurance, quality control and personnel standards. Laboratories also must undergo proficiency testing and are subject to inspections.

Standards for testing under CLIA are based on the complexity of the tests performed by the laboratory, with tests classified as “high complexity,” “moderate complexity,” or “waived.” Laboratories performing high complexity testing are required to meet more stringent requirements than moderate complexity laboratories. Laboratories performing only waived tests, which are tests determined by the FDA to have a low potential for error and requiring little oversight, may apply for a certificate of waiver exempting them from most of the requirements of CLIA. All Company facilities hold CLIA certificates to perform high complexity testing. The sanctions for failure to comply with CLIA requirements include suspension, revocation or limitation of a laboratory's CLIA certificate, which is necessary to conduct business, cancellation or suspension of the laboratory's approval to receive Medicare and/or Medicaid reimbursement, as well as significant fines and/or criminal penalties. The loss or suspension of a CLIA certification, imposition of a fine or other penalties, or future changes in the CLIA law or regulations (or interpretation of the law or regulations) could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

In addition to compliance with the federal regulations, the Company is also subject to state and local laboratory regulation. CLIA provides that a state may adopt laboratory regulations different from or more stringent than those contained in Federal law. There are approximately 12 states with state licensure or permit requirements for an independent lab facility physically located within the state. State laws may require that laboratory personnel meet certain qualifications, specify certain quality controls, or require maintenance of certain records. There are a number of states (including California and Florida) that have even more stringent requirements with which lab personnel must comply to obtain state licensure or a certificate of qualification.

The Company believes that it is in compliance with all applicable laboratory requirements. The Company's laboratories have continuing programs to ensure that their operations meet all such regulatory requirements, but no assurances can be given that the Company's laboratories will pass all future licensure or certification inspections. The Company has implemented the position of Chief Compliance Officer with supporting staff, including staff specifically for licensing, credentialing and certification inspection purposes. We embrace compliance as an integral part of our culture and we consistently promote that culture of ethics and integrity.

The FDA has regulatory responsibility over instruments, test kits, reagents and other devices used by clinical laboratories. The FDA has issued draft guidance regarding FDA regulation of laboratory-developed tests (“LDTs”), but if or how the draft guidance will be implemented is uncertain. On November 18, 2016, the FDA announced it would not release final guidance at this time and instead would continue to work with stakeholders, the new administration and Congress to determine the right approach, and on January 3, 2017, the FDA released a discussion paper outlining a possible risk-based approach for FDA and CMS oversight of LTDs. There are many other regulatory and legislative proposals that would increase general FDA oversight of clinical laboratories and LDTs. The outcome and ultimate impact of such proposals on the business is difficult to predict at this time. Our point of collection testing devices are regulated by the FDA. The FDA has authority to take various administrative and legal actions for non-compliance, such as fines, product suspension, warning letters, injunctions and other civil and criminal sanctions. We make every good faith effort to exercise proactive monitoring and review of pending legislation and regulatory action.

Payment for Clinical Laboratory Services

In each of 2016 and 2015, the Company derived less than 10% of its net sales directly from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. In addition, the Company's other business depends significantly on continued participation in these programs and in other government healthcare programs, in part because clients often want a single laboratory to perform all of their testing services. In recent years, both governmental and private sector payers have made efforts to contain or reduce health care costs, including reducing reimbursement for clinical laboratory services.

Reimbursement under the Medicare program for clinical diagnostic laboratory services is subject to a clinical laboratory fee schedule that sets the maximum amount payable in each Medicare carrier's jurisdiction. This clinical laboratory fee schedule is updated annually. Laboratories bill the program directly for covered tests performed on behalf of Medicare beneficiaries. State Medicaid programs are prohibited from paying more than the Medicare fee schedule limit for clinical laboratory services furnished to Medicaid recipients.

Payment under the Medicare fee schedule has been limited from year to year by Congressional action, including imposition of national limitation amounts and freezes on the otherwise applicable annual Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) updates. For most diagnostic lab tests, the national limitation is now 74.0% of the national median of all local fee schedules established for each test. Under a provision of the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 (“BIPA”), for tests performed after January 1, 2001 that the Secretary of Health and Human Services determines are new tests for which no limitation amount has previously been established, the cap is set at 100% of the median.

Medicare, Medicaid and other government program payment reductions will not currently have a direct adverse effect on the Company's net earnings and cash flows, due to insignificant revenue earned, however, it is not currently possible to project what impact will be had in future years.

In addition to reimbursement rates, the Company is also impacted by changes in coverage policies for laboratory tests. Congressional action in 1997 required the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) to adopt uniform coverage, administration and payment policies for many of the most commonly performed lab tests using a negotiated rulemaking process. The negotiated rulemaking committee established uniform policies limiting Medicare coverage for certain tests to patients with specified medical conditions or diagnoses, replacing local Medicare coverage policies which varied around the country. The final rules generally became effective in 2002, and the use of uniform policies improves the Company's ability to obtain necessary billing information in some cases, but Medicare, Medicaid and private payer diagnosis code requirements and payment policies continue to negatively impact the Company's ability to be paid for some of the tests it performs. Due to the range of payers and policies, the extent of this impact continues to be difficult to quantify.

Future changes in federal, state and local laws and regulations (or in the interpretation of current regulations) affecting government payment for clinical laboratory testing could have a material adverse effect on the Company. In March 2010, comprehensive healthcare legislation, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”), was enacted. Numerous proposals continue to be discussed in Congress and the administration to repeal, amend or replace the ACA. Based on currently available information, the Company is unable to predict what type of changes in legislation or regulations, if any, will occur.

Standard Electronic Transactions, Security and Confidentiality of Health Information and Other Personal Information

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) was designed to address issues related to the security and confidentiality of health insurance information. In an effort to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system by facilitating the electronic exchange of information in certain financial and administrative transactions, HIPAA regulations were promulgated. These regulations apply to health plans, health care providers that conduct standard transactions electronically and health care clearinghouses (“covered entities”). Five such regulations have been finalized: (i) the Transactions and Code Sets Rule; (ii) the Privacy Rule; (iii) the Security Rule; (iv) the Standard Unique Employer Identifier Rule, which requires the use of a unique employer identifier in connection with certain electronic transactions; and (v) the National Provider Identifier Rule, which requires the use of a unique health care provider identifier in connection with certain electronic transactions.

The Privacy Rule regulates the use and disclosure of protected health information (“PHI”) by covered entities. It also sets forth certain rights that an individual has with respect to his or her PHI maintained by a covered entity, such as the right to access or amend certain records containing PHI or to request restrictions on the use or disclosure of PHI. The Privacy Rule requires covered entities to contractually bind third parties, known as business associates, in the event that they perform an activity or service for or on behalf of the covered entity that involves access to PHI. The Security Rule establishes requirements for safeguarding patient information that is electronically transmitted or electronically stored. The Company believes that it is in compliance in all material respects with the requirements of the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules.

The Federal Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), which was enacted in February 2009, with regulations effective on September 23, 2013, strengthens and expands the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules and their restrictions on use and disclosure of PHI. HITECH includes, but is not limited to, prohibitions on exchanging PHI for remuneration, and additional restrictions on the use of PHI for marketing. HITECH also fundamentally changes a business associate's obligations by imposing a number of Privacy Rule requirements and a majority of Security Rule provisions directly on business associates that were previously only directly applicable to covered entities. Moreover, HITECH requires covered entities to provide notice to individuals, HHS, and, as applicable, the media when PHI is breached, as that term is defined by HITECH. Business associates are similarly required to notify covered entities of a breach. The Company believes its policies and procedures are fully compliant with the HITECH requirements.

On February 6, 2014, the CMS and HHS published final regulations that amended the HIPAA Privacy Rule to provide individuals (or their personal representatives) with the right to receive copies of their test reports from laboratories subject to HIPAA, or to request that copies of their test reports be transmitted to designated third parties. Previously, laboratories that were CLIA-certified or CLIA-exempt were not subject to the provision in the Privacy Rule that provides individuals with the right of access to PHI. The HIPAA Privacy Rule amendment resulted in the preemption of a number of state laws that prohibit a laboratory from releasing a test report directly to the individual. The Company revised its policies and procedures to comply with these new access requirements and has updated its privacy notice to reflect individuals' new access rights under this final rule.

The standard unique employer identifier regulations require that employers have standard national numbers that identify them on standard transactions. The Employer Identification Number, also known as a Federal Tax Identification Number, issued by the Internal Revenue Service, was selected as the identifier for employers and was adopted effective July 30, 2002. The Company believes it is in compliance with these requirements.

The administrative simplification provisions of HIPAA mandate the adoption of standard unique identifiers for health care providers. The intent of these provisions is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the electronic transmission of health information. The National Provider Identification Rule requires that all HIPAA-covered health care providers, whether they are individuals or organizations, must obtain a National Provider Identifier (“NPI”) to identify themselves in standard HIPAA transactions. NPI replaces the unique provider identification number - as well as other provider numbers previously assigned by payers and other entities - for the purpose of identifying providers in standard electronic transactions. The Company believes that it is in compliance with the HIPAA National Provider Identification Rule in all material respects.

The total cost associated with the requirements of HIPAA and HITECH is not expected to be material to the Company's operations or cash flows. However, future regulations and interpretations of HIPAA and HITECH could impose significant costs on the Company.

In addition to the HIPAA regulations described above, there are a number of other Federal and state laws regarding the confidentiality and security of medical information, some of which apply to clinical laboratories. These laws vary widely, but they most commonly regulate or restrict the collection, use and disclosure of medical and financial information and other personal information. In some cases, state laws are more restrictive than and therefore not preempted by HIPAA. Penalties for violation of these laws may include sanctions against a laboratory's licensure, as well as civil and/or criminal penalties. Violations of the HIPAA provisions could result in civil and/or criminal penalties, including significant fines and up to 10 years in prison. HITECH also significantly strengthened HIPAA enforcement. It increased the civil penalty amounts that may be imposed, required HHS to conduct periodic audits to confirm compliance and also authorized state attorneys general to bring civil actions seeking either injunctions or damages in response to violations of the HIPAA privacy and security regulations that affect the privacy of state residents. Additionally, numerous other countries have or are developing similar laws governing the collection, use, disclosure and transmission of personal and/or patient information.

The Company believes that it is in compliance in all material respects with the current Transactions and Code Sets Rule. The Company implemented Version 5010 of the HIPAA Transaction Standards and believes it has fully adopted the ICD-10-CM code set. The compliance date for ICD-10-CM was October 1, 2015. The costs associated with ICD-10-CM Code Set were substantial, and failure of the Company, third party payers or physicians to apply the new code set could have an adverse impact on reimbursement, day’s sales outstanding and cash collections. As a result of inconsistent application of transaction standards by payers or the Company's inability to obtain certain billing information not usually provided to the Company by physicians, the Company could face increased costs and complexity, a temporary disruption in receipts and ongoing reductions in reimbursements and net revenues.

The Company believes it is in compliance in all material respects with the Operating Rules for electronic funds transfers and remittance advice transactions, for which the compliance date was January 1, 2014.

Fraud and Abuse Laws and Regulations

Existing federal laws governing federal health care programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, as well as similar state laws, impose a variety of broadly described fraud and abuse prohibitions on health care providers, including clinical laboratories. These laws are interpreted liberally and enforced aggressively by multiple government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Justice, HHS' Office of Inspector General (“OIG”), and various state agencies. Historically, the clinical laboratory industry has been the focus of major governmental enforcement initiatives. The federal government's enforcement efforts have been increasing over the past decade, in part as a result of the enactment of HIPAA, which included several provisions related to fraud and abuse enforcement, including the establishment of a program to coordinate and fund federal, state and local law enforcement efforts. The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 also included new requirements directed at Medicaid fraud, including increased spending on enforcement and financial incentives for states to adopt false claims act provisions similar to the federal False Claims Act. Recent amendments to the False Claims Act, as well as other enhancements to the federal fraud and abuse laws enacted as part of the ACA, are widely expected to further increase fraud and abuse enforcement efforts. For example, the ACA established an obligation to report and refund overpayments from Medicare within 60 days of identification (whether or not paid through any fault of the recipient); failure to comply with this new requirement can give rise to additional liability under the False Claims Act and Civil Monetary Penalties statute. On February 11, 2016, CMS issued the final rule clarifying certain aspects of the overpayment requirement for purposes of Medicare, effective on March 14, 2016.

The federal health care programs’ anti-kickback law (the “Anti-Kickback Law”) prohibits knowingly providing anything of value in return for, or to induce the referral of, Medicare, Medicaid or other federal health care program business. Violations can result in imprisonment, fines, penalties, and/or exclusion from participation in federal health care programs. The OIG has published “safe harbor” regulations which specify certain arrangements that are protected from prosecution under the Anti-Kickback Law if all conditions of the relevant safe harbor are met. Failure to fit within a safe harbor does not necessarily constitute a violation of the Anti-Kickback Law; rather, the arrangement would be subject to scrutiny by regulators and prosecutors and would be evaluated on a case by case basis. Many states have their own Medicaid anti-kickback laws and several states also have anti-kickback laws that apply to all payers (i.e., not just government health care programs).

From time to time, the OIG issues alerts and other guidance on certain practices in the health care industry that implicate the Anti-Kickback Law or other federal fraud and abuse laws. Examples of such guidance documents particularly relevant to the Company and its operations follow.

In October 1994, the OIG issued a Special Fraud Alert on arrangements for the provision of clinical laboratory services. The Fraud Alert set forth a number of practices allegedly engaged in by some clinical laboratories and health care providers that raise issues under the federal fraud and abuse laws, including the Anti-Kickback Law. These practices include: (i) providing employees to furnish valuable services for physicians (other than collecting patient specimens for testing) that are typically the responsibility of the physicians' staff; (ii) offering certain laboratory services at prices below fair market value in return for referrals of other tests which are billed to Medicare at higher rates; (iii) providing free testing to physicians' managed care patients in situations where the referring physicians benefit from such reduced laboratory utilization; (iv) providing free pick-up and disposal of bio-hazardous waste for physicians for items unrelated to a laboratory's testing services; (v) providing general-use facsimile machines or computers to physicians that are not exclusively used in connection with the laboratory services; and (vi) providing free testing for health care providers, their families and their employees (i.e., so-called “professional courtesy” testing). The OIG emphasized in the Special Fraud Alert that when one purpose of such arrangements is to induce referrals of program-reimbursed laboratory testing, both the clinical laboratory and the health care provider (e.g., physician) may be liable under the Anti-Kickback Law, and may be subject to criminal prosecution and exclusion from participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. More recently, in June 2014, the OIG issued another Special Fraud Alert addressing compensation paid by laboratories to referring physicians for blood specimen processing and for submitting patient data to registries. This Special Fraud Alert reiterates the OIG’s longstanding concerns about payments from laboratories to physicians in excess of the fair market value of the physician’s services and payments that reflect the volume or value of referrals of federal healthcare program business.

Another issue the OIG has expressed concern about involves the provision of discounts on laboratory services billed to customers in return for the referral of federal health care program business. In a 1999 Advisory Opinion, the OIG concluded that a proposed arrangement whereby a laboratory would offer physicians significant discounts on non-federal health care program laboratory tests might violate the Anti-Kickback Law. The OIG reasoned that the laboratory could be viewed as providing such discounts to the physician in exchange for referrals by the physician of business to be billed by the laboratory to Medicare at non-discounted rates. The OIG indicated that the arrangement would not qualify for protection under the discount safe harbor to the Anti-Kickback Law because Medicare and Medicaid would not get the benefit of the discount. Similarly, in a 1999 correspondence, the OIG stated that if any direct or indirect link exists between a discounts that a laboratory offers to a skilled nursing facility (“SNF”) for tests covered under Medicare's payments to the SNF and the referral of tests billable by the laboratory under Medicare Part B, then the Anti-Kickback Law would be implicated.

The OIG also has issued guidance regarding joint venture arrangements that may be viewed as suspect under the Anti-Kickback Law. These documents have relevance to clinical laboratories that are part of (or are considering establishing) joint ventures with potential sources of federal health care program business. The first guidance document, which focused on investor referrals to such ventures, was issued in 1989 and another concerning contractual joint ventures was issued in April 2003. Some of the elements of joint ventures that the OIG identified as “suspect” include: arrangements in which the capital invested by the physicians is disproportionately small and the return on investment is disproportionately large when compared to a typical investment; specific selection of investors who are in a position to make referrals to the venture; and arrangements in which one of the parties to the joint venture expands into a line of business that is dependent on referrals from the other party (sometimes called “shell” joint ventures). In a 2004 advisory opinion, the OIG expressed concern about a proposed joint venture in which a laboratory company would assist physician groups in establishing off-site pathology laboratories. The OIG indicated that the physicians' financial and business risk in the venture was minimal and that the physicians would contract out substantially all laboratory operations, committing very little in the way of financial, capital, or human resources. The OIG was unable to exclude the possibility that the arrangement was designed to permit the laboratory to pay the physician groups for their referrals, and therefore was unwilling to find that the arrangement fell within a safe harbor or had sufficient safeguards to protect against fraud or abuse.

Violations of other fraud and abuse laws also can result in exclusion from participation in federal health care programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. One basis for such exclusion is an individual's or entity's submission of claims to Medicare or Medicaid that are substantially in excess of that individual's or entity’s usual charges for like items or services. In 2003, the OIG issued a notice of proposed rulemaking that would have defined the terms “usual charges” and “substantially in excess” in ways that might have required providers, including the Company, to either lower their charges to Medicare and Medicaid or increase charges to certain other payers to avoid the risk of exclusion. On June 18, 2007, however, the OIG withdrew the proposed rule, saying it preferred to continue evaluating billing patterns on a case-by-case basis. In its withdrawal notice, the OIG also said it “remains concerned about disparities in the amounts charged to Medicare and Medicaid when compared to private payers,” that it continues to believe its exclusion authority for excess charges “provides useful backstop protection for the public fisc from providers that routinely charge Medicare or Medicaid substantially more than their other customers,” and that it will continue to use “all tools available … to address instances where Medicare or Medicaid are charged substantially more than other payers.” An enforcement action by the OIG under this statutory exclusion basis or an enforcement by Medicaid officials of similar state law restrictions could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Under another federal statute, known as the “Stark Law” or “self-referral” prohibition, physicians who have a financial or compensation relationship with a clinical laboratory may not, unless an exception applies, refer Medicare patients for testing to the laboratory, regardless of the intent of the parties. Similarly, laboratories may not bill Medicare for services furnished pursuant to a prohibited self-referral. There are several Stark Law exceptions that are relevant to arrangements involving clinical laboratories, including: 1) fair market value compensation for the provision of items or services; 2) payments by physicians to a laboratory for clinical laboratory services; 3) an exception for certain ancillary services (including laboratory services) provided within the referring physician's own office, if certain criteria are satisfied; 4) physician investment in a company whose stock is traded on a public exchange and has stockholder equity exceeding $75.0 million; and 5) certain space and equipment rental arrangements that are set at a fair market value rate and satisfy other requirements. All of the requirements of a Stark Law exception must be met to take advantage of the exception. Many states have their own self-referral laws as well, which in some cases apply to all patient referrals, not just government reimbursement programs.

There are a variety of other types of federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including laws prohibiting submission of false or fraudulent claims. The Company seeks to conduct its business in compliance with all federal and state fraud and abuse laws. The Company is unable to predict how these laws will be applied in the future, and no assurances can be given that its arrangements will not be subject to scrutiny under such laws. Sanctions for violations of these laws may include exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal health care programs, significant criminal and civil fines and penalties, and loss of licensure. Any exclusion from participation in a federal or state health care program, or any loss of licensure, arising from any action by any federal or state regulatory or enforcement authority, would likely have a material adverse effect on the Company's business. In addition, any significant criminal or civil penalty resulting from such proceedings could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business.

Environmental, Health and Safety

The Company is subject to licensing and regulation under federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety laws and regulations relating to the handling, transportation and disposal of medical specimens, infectious and hazardous waste and radioactive materials. All Company laboratories are subject to applicable federal and state laws and regulations relating to biohazard disposal of all laboratory specimens and the Company generally utilizes outside vendors for disposal of such specimens. In addition, the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) has established extensive requirements relating to workplace safety for health care employers, including clinical laboratories, whose workers may be exposed to blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and the hepatitis B virus. These regulations, among other things, require work practice controls, protective clothing and equipment, training, medical follow-up, vaccinations and other measures designed to minimize exposure to, and transmission of, blood-borne pathogens.

On November 6, 2000, Congress passed the Needle Stick Safety and Prevention Act, which required, among other things, that companies include in their safety programs the evaluation and use of engineering controls such as safety needles if found to be effective at reducing the risk of needle stick injuries in the workplace. The Company has implemented the use of safety needles at all of its service locations, where applicable.

Although the Company is not aware of any current material non-compliance with such federal, state and local laws and regulations, failure to comply could subject the Company to denial of the right to conduct business, fines, criminal penalties and/or other enforcement actions.

Drug Testing

There is no comprehensive federal law that regulates drug testing in the private sector. The Drug-Free Workplace Act does impose certain employee education requirements on companies that do business with the government, but it does not require testing, nor does it restrict testing in any way. Drug testing is allowed under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) because the ADA does not consider drug abuse a disability -- but the law does not regulate or prohibit testing. Instead of a comprehensive regulatory system, federal law provides for specific agencies to adopt drug testing regulations for employers under their jurisdiction. As a general rule, testing is presumed to be lawful unless there is a specific restriction in state or federal law.

Controlled Substances

The use of controlled substances in testing for drugs of abuse is regulated by the Federal Drug Enforcement Administration.

Compliance Program

The Company continuously evaluates and monitors its compliance with all Medicare, Medicaid and other rules and regulations. The objective of the Company's compliance program is to develop, implement, and update compliance safeguards as necessary. Emphasis is placed on developing and implementing compliance policies and guidelines, personnel training programs and various monitoring and audit procedures to attempt to achieve implementation of all applicable rules and regulations.

The Company seeks to conduct its business in compliance with all statutes, regulations, and other requirements applicable to its clinical laboratory operations. The clinical laboratory testing industry is, however, subject to extensive regulation, and many of these statutes and regulations have not been interpreted by the courts. There can be no assurance that applicable statutes and regulations will not be interpreted or applied by a prosecutorial, regulatory or judicial authority in a manner that would adversely affect the Company. Potential sanctions for violation of these statutes and regulations include significant fines and the loss of various licenses, certificates, and authorizations, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business.

Employees

As of March 8, 2017, we have 116 employees, of which 94 are full time. Of our total employees, 20 are assigned to laboratory operations, 23 are assigned to information technology, 44 are assigned to sales and customer service, 22 are assigned to medical billing and corporate administration, and seven are assigned to the hospital. We continue to adjust our number of employees to achieve efficiencies and cost savings where applicable and expect to employ approximately 120 people in the hospital project when it is in full operation.

Available Information

We are required to file Annual Reports on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q with the SEC on a regular basis and are required to disclose certain material events in a Current Report on Form 8-K. All reports of the Company filed with the SEC are available free of charge through the SEC's Web site at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, the public may read and copy materials filed by the Company at the SEC's Public Reference Room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may also obtain additional information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.

An investment in our securities is highly speculative and subject to numerous and substantial risks. These risks include those set forth herein. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this Annual Report before you decide to invest in our securities. If any of the following events actually occur, our business could be materially harmed. In such case, the value of your investment may decline and you may lose or all part of your investment. You should not invest in our securities unless you can afford the loss of your entire investment.

Although our financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, we have recently accumulated significant losses and have negative cash flows from operations, which raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

If we are unable to improve our liquidity position we may not be able to continue as a going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result if we are unable to continue as a going concern and, therefore, be required to realize our assets and discharge our liabilities other than in the normal course of business which could cause investors to suffer the loss of all or a substantial portion of their investment.

The Company has recently accumulated significant losses and has negative cash flows from operations, and at December 31, 2016 had a working capital deficit and stockholders’ deficit of $16.3 million and $14.9 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we incurred net losses attributable to common stockholders in the amount of $32.6 million and $37.6 million, respectively. In addition, the Company's cash position is critically deficient, critical payments are not being made in the ordinary course, the Company is in default of two promissory notes with an aggregate principal amount of $0.4 million and additional indebtedness in the amount of $6.0 million matured on March 31, 2017 (see note 7 to the consolidated financial statements). This indebtedness is secured by receivables that we have filed suit to recover from a national payer and while we believe that we will be successful in such recovery there can be no assurances as to our ability to collect on these receivables, and the Company does not have the financial resources to satisfy this indebtedness. All of the foregoing raises substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company is currently executing on a plan of action to reduce the number of laboratory facilities it operates from five such facilities as of December 31, 2015 into one, with a corresponding reduction in the number of employees and associated operating expenses, in order to reduce costs. In addition, the Company issued $12.4 million of convertible notes in the first three months of 2017, for which it received net proceeds of $9.9 million. There can be no assurance, however, that the Company will be able to achieve its business plan, raise any additional capital or secure the additional financing necessary to implement its current operating plan.  The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to significantly reduce its operating costs, increase its revenues and eventually regain profitable operations. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

Our common stock could be delisted from NASDAQ.

On January 11, 2017, we were notified by Nasdaq that we no longer comply with Nasdaq's audit committee requirements as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605 (the "Rule"), which requires the audit committee of the Company's board of directors to have at least three members, each of whom must be independent directors as defined under the Rule. With the passing of Benjamin Frank in December of 2016, our audit committee currently consists of two independent directors. In accordance with Nasdaq Rule 5605(c)(4), we have until the earlier of our next annual shareholders' meeting or December 18, 2017 to regain compliance; or, if our next annual shareholders' meeting is held before June 16, 2017, then we must evidence compliance no later than June 16, 2017. If we do not regain compliance by the foregoing applicable dates, then Nasdaq will provide written notification to the Company that its securities will be delisted.

In the future, our common stock may fall below the NASDAQ listing requirements or we may not comply with other listing requirements, with the result being that our common stock may be delisted. If our common stock is delisted, we may list our common stock for trading over the counter. Delisting from NASDAQ could adversely affect the liquidity and price of our common stock. A determination could also then be made that our common stock is a “penny stock” which would require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading. This could have a long-term impact on our ability to raise future capital through the sale of our common stock.

Our acquisition of the Hospital Assets does not provide assurance that the acquired operations will be accretive to our earnings or otherwise improve our results of operations.

Acquisitions, such as that of the Hospital Assets in January of 2017, involve the integration of previously separate businesses into a common enterprise in which it is envisioned that synergistic operations will be result in improved financial performance. However, realization of these envisioned results is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to:

There is no assurance that the acquisition of the Hospital Assets will be accretive to our earnings or otherwise improve our results of operations.

The opening of Big South Fork Medical Center is subject to the receipt of necessary licenses and regulatory approvals and will require continued investment by the Company.

We acquired the Hospital Assets on January 13, 2017, and we expect to have the hospital (now renamed as Big South Fork Medical Center) open in part in the second quarter of 2017, and that the hospital will be fully operational by the third quarter of 2017, although no assurance can be given that either of these time frames will be met. Opening and operating a hospital requires numerous licenses and regulatory approvals and the failure to receive one such license or approval may prevent the hospital from opening. The process of gaining all such licenses and approvals may take a substantial amount of time.

The reopening of the hospital will require substantial investment by the Company and we may not have the funds or be able to access such funds when necessary. We will need to fully fund the operations of the hospital out of our own resources for an extended period because the hospital will not receive reimbursement for any services for a number of months after they are performed, or otherwise generate any positive cash flow. Because the hospital has been closed since July 2016, it could take a long period of time for utilization of the hospital to reach pre-closure levels, and no assurance can be made that it will do so or that utilization will be sufficient to cover the costs of operating the hospital.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected if the ACA is repealed, replaced or otherwise changed.

The ACA has increased the number of people with health care insurance. It also has reduced Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. Numerous proposals continue to be discussed in Congress and the administration to repeal, amend or replace the law. We cannot predict whether any such repeal, amend or replace proposals, or any parts of them, will become law and, if they do, what their substance or timing will be. Any of the foregoing, if they occur, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our business could be harmed from the loss or suspension of a license or imposition of a fine or penalties under, or future changes or changing interpretations of, CLIA or state laboratory licensing laws to which we are subject.

The clinical laboratory testing industry is subject to extensive federal and state regulation, and many of these statutes and regulations have not been interpreted by the courts. The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA, are federal regulatory standards that apply to virtually all clinical laboratories (regardless of the location, size or type of laboratory), including those operated by physicians in their offices, by requiring that they be certified by the federal government or by a federally approved accreditation agency. CLIA does not preempt state law, which in some cases may be more stringent than federal law and require additional personnel qualifications, quality control, record maintenance and proficiency testing. The sanction for failure to comply with CLIA and state requirements may be suspension, revocation or limitation of a laboratory's CLIA certificate, which is necessary to conduct business, as well as significant fines and/or criminal penalties. Many other states have similar laws and we may be subject to similar penalties.

We cannot assure you that applicable statutes and regulations will not be interpreted or applied by a prosecutorial, regulatory or judicial authority in a manner that would adversely affect our business. Potential sanctions for violation of these statutes and regulations include significant fines and the suspension or loss of various licenses, certificates and authorizations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, compliance with future legislation could impose additional requirements on us, which may be costly.

Healthcare plans have taken steps to control the utilization and reimbursement of healthcare services, including clinical test services.

We also face efforts by non-governmental third-party payers, including healthcare plans, to reduce utilization and reimbursement for clinical testing services.

The healthcare industry has experienced a trend of consolidation among healthcare insurance plans and payers, resulting in fewer but larger insurance plans with significant bargaining power to negotiate fee arrangements with healthcare providers, including clinical testing providers. These healthcare plans, and independent physician associations, may demand that clinical testing providers accept discounted fee structures or assume all or a portion of the financial risk associated with providing testing services to their members through capped payment arrangements. In addition, some healthcare plans have been willing to limit the PPO or Point of Service (“POS”) laboratory network to only a single national laboratory to obtain improved fee-for-service pricing. There are also an increasing number of patients enrolling in consumer driven products and high deductible plans that involve greater patient cost-sharing.

The increased consolidation among healthcare plans and payers increases the potential adverse impact of ceasing to be a contracted provider with any such insurer. The Health Care Reform Law includes provisions, including ones regarding the creation of healthcare exchanges, which may encourage healthcare insurance plans to increase exclusive contracting.

We expect continuing efforts to reduce reimbursements, to impose more stringent cost controls and to reduce utilization of clinical test services. These efforts, including future changes in third-party payer rules, practices and policies or ceasing to be a contracted provider to many healthcare plans, have had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on our business.

Unless we raise sufficient funds, we will not be able to succeed in our business model.

During the year ended December 31, 2016 and through the date of this report, we have relied on the sale of our equity securities and from short term advances from one of our directors, Christopher Diamantis, to fund our operations. We generated negative cash flow from operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. If this trend were to continue and we are unable to raise sufficient capital to fund our operations through other sources, our business will be adversely effected, and we may not be able to continue as a going concern (see Item 7., Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Liquidity and Capital Resources”). There can be no assurances that we will be able to raise sufficient funds on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, to fund our operations under our current business model.

Regulation by the FDA of LDTs and clinical laboratories may result in significant change, and our business could be adversely impacted if we fail to adapt.

High complexity, CLIA-certified laboratories, such as ours, frequently develop testing procedures to provide diagnostic results to customers. These tests have been traditionally offered by nearly all complex laboratories for the last few decades and LDTs are subject to CMS oversight through its enforcement of CLIA. The FDA, which regulates the development and use of medical devices, has claimed that it has regulatory authority over LDTs, but has not exercised enforcement with respect to most LDTs offered by high complexity laboratories, and not sought to require these laboratories to comply with FDA regulations regarding medical devices. During 2010, the FDA publicly announced that it has decided to exercise regulatory authority over these LDTs, and that it plans to issue guidance to the industry regarding its regulatory approach. At that time, the FDA indicated that it would use a risk-based approach to regulation and would direct more resources to tests with wider distribution and with the highest risk of injury, but that it will be sensitive to the need to not adversely impact patient care or innovation. In September 2014, the FDA announced its framework and timetable for implementing this guidance. On November 18, 2016, the FDA announced it would not release final guidance at this time and instead would continue to work with stakeholders, the new administration and Congress to determine the right approach, and on January 3, 2017, the FDA released a discussion paper outlining a possible risk-based approach for FDA and CMS oversight of LDTs. We cannot predict the ultimate timing or form of any such guidance or regulation or their potential impact. If adopted, such a regulatory approach by the FDA may lead to an increased regulatory burden, including additional costs and delays in introducing new tests. While the ultimate impact of the FDA's approach is unknown, it may be extensive and may result in significant change. Our failure to adapt to these changes could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Some of our operations are subject to federal and state laws prohibiting “kickbacks” and other laws designed to prohibit payments for referrals and eliminate healthcare fraud.

Federal and state anti-kickback and similar laws prohibit payment, or offers of payment, in exchange for referrals of products and services for which reimbursement may be made by Medicare or other federal and state healthcare programs. Some state laws contain similar prohibitions that apply without regard to the payer of reimbursement for the services. Under a federal statute, known as the “Stark Law” or “self-referral” prohibition, physicians, subject to certain exceptions, are prohibited from referring their Medicare or Medicaid program patients to clinical laboratories with which the physicians or their immediate family members have a financial relationship, and the laboratories are prohibited from billing for services rendered in violation of Stark Law referral prohibitions. Violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Law and Stark Law may be punished by civil and criminal penalties, and/or exclusion from participation in federal health care programs, including Medicare and Medicaid.  States may impose similar penalties. The Health Care Reform Law significantly strengthened provisions of the Federal False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Law provisions, and other health care fraud provisions, leading to the possibility of greatly increased qui tam suits by private citizen “relators” for perceived violations of these laws. There can be no assurance that our activities will not come under the scrutiny of regulators and other government authorities or that our practices will not be found to violate applicable laws, rules and regulations or prompt lawsuits by private citizen relators under federal or state false claims laws.

Federal officials responsible for administering and enforcing the healthcare laws and regulations have made a priority of eliminating healthcare fraud. For example, the Health Care Reform Law includes significant new fraud and abuse measures, including required disclosures of financial arrangements with physician customers, lower thresholds for violations and increased potential penalties for violations. Federal funding available for combating health care fraud and abuse generally has increased. While we seek to conduct our business in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, many of the laws and regulations applicable to our business, particularly those relating to billing and reimbursement of tests and those relating to relationships with physicians, hospitals and patients, contain language that has not been interpreted by courts. We must rely on our interpretation of these laws and regulations based on the advice of our counsel and regulatory or law enforcement authorities may not agree with our interpretation of these laws and regulations and may seek to enforce legal remedies or penalties against us for violations.

From time to time we may need to change our operations, particularly pricing or billing practices, in response to changing interpretations of these laws and regulations, or regulatory or judicial determinations with respect to these laws and regulations. These occurrences, regardless of their outcome, could damage our reputation and harm important business relationships that we have with healthcare providers, payers and others. Furthermore, if a regulatory or judicial authority finds that we have not complied with applicable laws and regulations, we would be required to refund amounts that were billed and collected in violation of such laws and regulations. In addition, we may voluntarily refund amounts that were alleged to have been billed and collected in violation of applicable laws and regulations. In either case, we could suffer civil and criminal damages, fines and penalties, exclusion from participation in governmental healthcare programs and the loss of licenses, certificates and authorizations necessary to operate our business, as well as incur liabilities from third-party claims, all of which could harm our operating results and financial condition.

Moreover, regardless of the outcome, if we or physicians or other third parties with whom we do business are investigated by a regulatory or law enforcement authority we could incur substantial costs, including legal fees, and our management may be required to divert a substantial amount of time to an investigation.

To enhance compliance with applicable health care laws, and mitigate potential liability in the event of noncompliance, regulatory authorities, such as the OIG, have recommended the adoption and implementation of a comprehensive health care compliance program that generally contains the elements of an effective compliance and ethics program described in Section 8B2.1 of the United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual, and for many years the OIG has made available a model compliance program targeted to the clinical laboratory industry. In addition, certain states require that health care providers, such as clinical laboratories, that engage in substantial business under the state Medicaid program have a compliance program that generally adheres to the standards set forth in the Model Compliance Program.  Also, under the Health Care Reform Law, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, will require suppliers, such as the Company, to adopt, as a condition of Medicare participation, compliance programs that meet a core set of requirements. While we have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, healthcare compliance and ethics programs that generally incorporate the OIG's recommendations, and training our applicable employees in such compliance, having such a program can be no assurance that we will avoid any compliance issues.

We conduct our clinical laboratory testing business in a heavily regulated industry and changes in regulations or violations of regulations could, directly or indirectly, harm our operating results and financial condition.

The clinical laboratory testing industry is highly regulated and there can be no assurance that the regulatory environment in which we operate will not change significantly and adversely in the future. Areas of the regulatory environment that may affect our ability to conduct business include, without limitation:

These laws and regulations are extremely complex and in many instances, there are no significant regulatory or judicial interpretations of these laws and regulations. Any determination that we have violated these laws or regulations, or the public announcement that we are being investigated for possible violations of these laws or regulations, could harm our operating results and financial condition. In addition, a significant change in any of these laws or regulations may require us to change our business model in order to maintain compliance with these laws or regulations, which could harm our operating results and financial condition.

Failure to comply with complex federal and state laws and regulations related to submission of claims for clinical laboratory services can result in significant monetary damages and penalties and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid Programs.

We are subject to extensive federal and state laws and regulations relating to the submission of claims for payment for clinical laboratory services, including those that relate to coverage of our services under Medicare, Medicaid and other governmental health care programs, the amounts that may be billed for our services and to whom claims for services may be submitted.

Our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could result in our inability to receive payment for our services or result in attempts by third-party payers, such as Medicare and Medicaid, to recover payments from us that have already been made. Submission of claims in violation of certain statutory or regulatory requirements can result in penalties, including substantial civil money penalties for each item or service billed to Medicare in violation of the legal requirement, and exclusion from participation in Medicare and Medicaid. Government authorities may also assert that violations of laws and regulations related to submission or causing the submission of claims violate the federal False Claims Act (“FCA”) or other laws related to fraud and abuse, including submission of claims for services that were not medically necessary. Violations of the FCA could result in enormous economic liability. The FCA provides that all damages are trebled, and each false claim submitted is subject to a penalty of up to $11,000. For example, we could be subject to FCA liability if it was determined that the services we provided were not medically necessary and not reimbursable, particularly if it were asserted that we contributed to the physician's referrals of unnecessary services to us. It is also possible that the government could attempt to hold us liable under fraud and abuse laws for improper claims submitted by an entity for services that we performed if we were found to have knowingly participated in the arrangement that resulted in submission of the improper claims.

We continuously conduct internal audits on current and historical billings to protect against errors related to any of the above. One of these audits has led us to retain an independent consulting firm to assess if any violations to the foregoing regulations have occurred in the historical billings by our laboratories. If the review determines that any overpayment was received, we will inform the relative party and make arrangements to repay any overpayment.

Changes in regulation and policies, including increasing downward pressure on health care reimbursement, may adversely affect reimbursement for diagnostic services and could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Reimbursement levels for health care services are subject to continuous and often unexpected changes in policies, and we face a variety of efforts by government payers to reduce utilization and reimbursement for diagnostic testing services. Changes in governmental reimbursement may result from statutory and regulatory changes, retroactive rate adjustments, administrative rulings, competitive bidding initiatives, and other policy changes.

The U.S. Congress has considered, at least yearly in conjunction with budgetary legislation, changes to the Medicare fee schedules under which we receive reimbursement. For example, currently there is no copayment or coinsurance required for clinical laboratory services. However, Congress has periodically considered imposing a 20 percent coinsurance on laboratory services. If enacted, this would require us to attempt to collect this amount from patients, although in many cases the costs of collection would exceed the amount actually received.

The CMS pays laboratories on the basis of a fee schedule that is reviewed and re-calculated on an annual basis. CMS may change the fee schedule upward or downward on billing codes that we submit for reimbursement on a regular basis; our revenue and business may be adversely affected if the reimbursement rates associated with such codes are reduced. Even when reimbursement rates are not reduced, policy changes add to our costs by increasing the complexity and volume of administrative requirements. Medicaid reimbursement, which varies by state, is also subject to administrative and billing requirements and budget pressures. Recently, state budget pressures have caused states to consider several policy changes that may impact our financial condition and results of operations, such as delaying payments, reducing reimbursement, restricting coverage eligibility and service coverage, and imposing taxes on our services.

Failure to timely or accurately bill for our services could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Billing for clinical testing services is extremely complicated and is subject to extensive and non-uniform rules and administrative requirements. Depending on the billing arrangement and applicable law, we bill various payers, such as patients, insurance companies, Medicare, Medicaid, physicians, hospitals and employer groups. Changes in laws and regulations could increase the complexity and cost of our billing process. Additionally, auditing for compliance with applicable laws and regulations as well as internal compliance policies and procedures adds further cost and complexity to the billing process. Further, our billing systems require significant technology investment and, as a result of marketplace demands, we need to continually invest in our billing systems.

Missing, incomplete, or incorrect information on requisitions adds complexity to and slows the billing process, creates backlogs of unbilled requisitions, and generally increases the aging of accounts receivable and bad debt expense. Failure to timely or correctly bill may lead to our not being reimbursed for our services or an increase in the aging of our accounts receivable, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows. Failure to comply with applicable laws relating to billing or even having to pay back amounts incorrectly billed and collected could lead to various penalties, including: (1) exclusion from participation in CMS and other government programs; (2) asset forfeitures; (3) civil and criminal fines and penalties; and (4) the loss of various licenses, certificates and authorizations necessary to operate our business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or cash flows.

There have been times when our accounts receivables have increased at a greater rate than revenue growth and, therefore, have adversely affected our cash flows from operations. We have taken steps to implement systems and processing changes intended to improve billing procedures and related collection results. However, we cannot assure that our ongoing assessment of accounts receivable will not result in the need for additional provisions. Such additional provisions, if implemented, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

During the last half of 2014 and the first three quarters of 2015, the Company experienced difficulty in delivering accurate electronic submissions to third party payers. The difficulties arose from a variety of factors, including pressure, scrutiny and requirement for additional information from payers related to toxicology services, difficulty complying with CMS’s new HCPCS codes for toxicology services, difficulty in accurately billing for internal reference laboratory work, and complications arising from the implementation of new billing technology. These difficulties have a significant impact on the time it takes the Company to collect its receivables and consequently on its cash flow from operations. The Company believes that these difficulties were corrected in the fourth quarter of 2015, but there can be no assurance that CMS and other third party payers will not change their requirements resulting in further billing related difficulties.

Our operations may be adversely impacted by the effects of extreme weather conditions, natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes, health pandemics, hostilities or acts of terrorism and other criminal activities.

Our operations are always subject to adverse impacts resulting from extreme weather conditions, natural disasters, health pandemics, hostilities or acts of terrorism or other criminal activities. Such events may result in a temporary decline in the number of patients who seek clinical testing services or in our employees' ability to perform their job duties. In addition, such events may temporarily interrupt our ability to transport specimens, to receive materials from our suppliers or otherwise to provide our services. The occurrence of any such event and/or a disruption of our operations as a result may adversely affect our results of operations.

Increased competition, including price competition, could have a material adverse impact on our net revenues and profitability.

We operate in a business that is characterized by intense competition. Our major competitors include large national laboratories that possess greater name recognition, larger customer bases, and significantly greater financial resources and employ substantially more personnel than we do. Many of our competitors have long established relationships. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully with such entities in the future.

The clinical laboratory business is intensely competitive both in terms of price and service. Pricing of laboratory testing services is often one of the most significant factors used by health care providers and third-party payers in selecting a laboratory. As a result of the clinical laboratory industry undergoing significant consolidation, larger clinical laboratory providers are able to increase cost efficiencies afforded by large-scale automated testing. This consolidation results in greater price competition. We may be unable to increase cost efficiencies sufficiently, if at all, and as a result, our net earnings and cash flows could be negatively impacted by such price competition. We may also face competition from companies that do not comply with existing laws or regulations or otherwise disregard compliance standards in the industry. Additionally, we may also face changes in fee schedules, competitive bidding for laboratory services or other actions or pressures reducing payment schedules as a result of increased or additional competition. Additional competition, including price competition, could have a material adverse impact on our net revenues and profitability.

Failure to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration Act and the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act, could result in fines and penalties and loss of licensure, and have a material adverse effect upon the Company's business.

The Company is subject to licensing and regulation under federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety, including laws and regulations relating to the handling, transportation and disposal of medical specimens, and infectious and hazardous waste materials, as well as regulations relating to the safety and health of laboratory employees. All of the Company's laboratories are subject to applicable federal and state laws and regulations relating to biohazard disposal of all laboratory specimens, and they utilize outside vendors for disposal of such specimens. In addition, the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration has established extensive requirements relating to workplace safety for health care employers, including clinical laboratories, whose workers may be exposed to blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and the hepatitis B virus. These requirements, among other things, require work practice controls, protective clothing and equipment, training, medical follow-up, vaccinations and other measures designed to minimize exposure to, and transmission of, blood-borne pathogens. In addition, the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act requires, among other things, that the Company include in its safety programs the evaluation and use of emergency controls such as safety needles if found to be effective at reducing the risk of needlestick injuries in the workplace.

Failure to comply with federal, state and local laws and regulations could subject the Company to denial of the right to conduct business, fines, criminal penalties and/or other enforcement actions which would have a material adverse effect on its business. In addition, compliance with future legislation could impose additional requirements on the Company which may be costly.

Regulations requiring the use of “standard transactions” for health care services issued under HIPAA may negatively impact the Company's profitability and cash flows.

Pursuant to HIPAA, the Secretary of Health and Human Services has issued regulations designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system by facilitating the electronic exchange of information in certain financial and administrative transactions while protecting the privacy and security of the information exchanged.

The HIPAA transaction standards are complex, and subject to differences in interpretation by payers. For instance, some payers may interpret the standards to require the Company to provide certain types of information, including demographic information not usually provided to the Company by physicians. As a result of inconsistent application of transaction standards by payers or the Company's inability to obtain certain billing information not usually provided to the Company by physicians, the Company could face increased costs and complexity, a temporary disruption in receipts and ongoing reductions in reimbursements and net revenues. In addition, new requirements for additional standard transactions, such as claims attachments and the ICD-10-CM Code Set, could prove technically difficult, time-consuming or expensive to implement.

Failure to maintain the security of customer-related information or compliance with security requirements could damage the Company's reputation with customers, and cause it to incur substantial additional costs and to become subject to litigation.

Pursuant to HIPAA and certain similar state laws, we must comply with comprehensive privacy and security standards with respect to the use and disclosure of protected health information. Under the HITECH amendments to HIPAA, HIPAA was expanded to require certain data breach notifications, to extend certain HIPAA privacy and security standards directly to business associates, to heighten penalties for noncompliance and to enhance enforcement efforts.

The Company receives certain personal and financial information about its customers. In addition, the Company depends upon the secure transmission of confidential information over public networks, including information permitting cashless payments. A compromise in the Company's security systems that results in customer personal information being obtained by unauthorized persons or the Company's failure to comply with security requirements for financial transactions could adversely affect the Company's reputation with its customers and others, as well as the Company's results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. It could also result in litigation against the Company or the imposition of penalties.

Failure of the Company, third party payers or physicians to comply with the ICD-10-CM Code Set and our failure to comply with other emerging electronic transmission standards could adversely affect our business.

The Company believes that it is in compliance in all material respects with the current Transactions and Code Sets Rule. The Company implemented Version 5010 of the HIPAA Transaction Standards, and believes it has fully adopted the ICD-10-CM code set. The compliance date for ICD-10-CM was October 1, 2015. Clinical laboratories are typically required to submit health care claims with diagnosis codes to third party payers. The diagnosis codes must be obtained from the ordering physician. The failure of the Company, third party payers or physicians to transition within the required timeframe could have an adverse impact on reimbursement, day's sales outstanding and cash collections.

Also, the failure of our IT systems to keep pace with technological advances may significantly reduce our revenues or increase our expenses. Public and private initiatives to create healthcare information technology ("HCIT") standards and to mandate standardized clinical coding systems for the electronic exchange of clinical information, including test orders and test results, could require costly modifications to our existing HCIT systems. While we do not expect HCIT standards to be adopted or implemented without adequate time to comply, if we fail to adopt or delay in implementing HCIT standards, we could lose customers and business opportunities.

Compliance with the HIPAA security regulations and privacy regulations may increase the Company's costs.

The HIPAA privacy and security regulations, including the expanded requirements under HITECH, establish comprehensive federal standards with respect to the use and disclosure of protected health information by health plans, healthcare providers and healthcare clearinghouses, in addition to setting standards to protect the confidentiality, integrity and security of protected health information. The regulations establish a complex regulatory framework on a variety of subjects, including:

The Company has implemented policies and procedures related to compliance with the HIPAA privacy and security regulations, as required by law. The privacy and security regulations establish a “floor” and do not supersede state laws that are more stringent. Therefore, the Company is required to comply with both federal privacy and security regulations and varying state privacy and security laws. In addition, for healthcare data transfers from other countries relating to citizens of those countries, the Company may also be required to comply with the laws of those other countries. The federal privacy regulations restrict the Company's ability to use or disclose patient identifiable laboratory data, without patient authorization, for purposes other than payment, treatment or healthcare operations (as defined by HIPAA), except for disclosures for various public policy purposes and other permitted purposes outlined in the privacy regulations. HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, provides for significant fines and other penalties for wrongful use or disclosure of protected health information in violation of the privacy and security regulations, including potential civil and criminal fines and penalties. Due to the enactment of HITECH and an increase in the amount of monetary financial penalties, government enforcement has also increased. It is not possible to predict what the extent of the impact on business will be, other than heightened scrutiny and emphasis on compliance. If the Company does not comply with existing or new laws and regulations related to protecting the privacy and security of health information it could be subject to significant monetary fines, civil penalties or criminal sanctions. In addition, other federal and state laws that protect the privacy and security of patient information may be subject to enforcement and interpretations by various governmental authorities and courts resulting in complex compliance issues. For example, the Company could incur damages under state laws pursuant to an action brought by a private party for the wrongful use or disclosure of confidential health information or other private personal information.

The clinical laboratory industry is subject to changing technology and new product introductions.

Advances in technology may lead to the development of more cost-effective technologies such as point-of-care testing equipment that can be operated by physicians or other healthcare providers in their offices or by patients themselves without requiring the services of freestanding clinical laboratories. Development of such technology and its use by the Company's customers could reduce the demand for its laboratory testing services and negatively impact its revenues.

Currently, most clinical laboratory testing is categorized as “high” or “moderate” complexity, and thereby is subject to extensive and costly regulation under CLIA. The cost of compliance with CLIA makes it impractical for most physicians to operate clinical laboratories in their offices, and other laws limit the ability of physicians to have ownership in a laboratory and to refer tests to such a laboratory. Manufacturers of laboratory equipment and test kits could seek to increase their sales by marketing point-of-care laboratory equipment to physicians and by selling test kits approved for home or physician office use to both physicians and patients. Diagnostic tests approved for home use are automatically deemed to be “waived” tests under CLIA and may be performed in physician office laboratories as well as by patients in their homes with minimal regulatory oversight. Other tests meeting certain FDA criteria also may be classified as “waived” for CLIA purposes. The FDA has regulatory responsibility over instruments, test kits, reagents and other devices used by clinical laboratories and has taken responsibility from the CDC for classifying the complexity of tests for CLIA purposes. Increased approval of “waived” test kits could lead to increased testing by physicians in their offices or by patients at home, which could affect the Company's market for laboratory testing services and negatively impact its revenues.

Health care reform and related programs (e.g. Health Insurance Exchanges), changes in government payment and reimbursement systems, or changes in payer mix, including an increase in capitated reimbursement mechanisms and evolving delivery models, could have a material adverse impact on the Company's net revenues, profitability and cash flow.

Testing services are billed to private patients, Medicare, Medicaid, commercial clients, managed care organizations (“MCOs”) and third-party insurance companies. Tests ordered by a physician may be billed to different payers depending on the medical insurance benefits of a particular patient. Most testing services are billed to a party other than the physician or other authorized person that ordered the test. Increases in the percentage of services billed to government and managed care payers could have an adverse impact on the Company's net revenues.

The various MCOs have different contracting philosophies, which are influenced by the design of the products they offer to their members. Some MCOs contract with a limited number of clinical laboratories and engage in direct negotiation of the rates reimbursed to participating laboratories. Other MCOs adopt broader networks with a largely uniform fee structure offered to all participating clinical laboratories. In addition, some MCOs have used capitation in an effort to fix the cost of laboratory testing services for their enrollees. Under a capitated reimbursement mechanism, the clinical laboratory and the managed care organization agree to a per member, per month payment to pay for all authorized laboratory tests ordered during the month by the physician for the members, regardless of the number or cost of the tests actually performed. Capitation shifts the risk of increased test utilization (and the underlying mix of testing services) to the clinical laboratory provider.

A portion of the third-party insurance fee-for-service revenues are collectible from patients in the form of deductibles, copayments and coinsurance. As patient cost-sharing increases, collectability may be impacted.

In addition, Medicare and Medicaid and private insurers have increased their efforts to control the cost, utilization and delivery of health care services, including clinical laboratory services. Measures to regulate health care delivery in general, and clinical laboratories in particular, have resulted in reduced prices, added costs and decreased test utilization for the clinical laboratory industry by increasing complexity and adding new regulatory and administrative requirements. Pursuant to legislation passed in late 2003, the percentage of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare managed care plans has increased. The percentage of Medicaid beneficiaries enrolled in Medicaid managed care plans has also increased, and is expected to continue to increase. Changes to, or repeal of, the Health Care Reform Law, the health care reform legislation passed in 2010, also may continue to affect coverage, reimbursement, and utilization of laboratory services, as well as administrative requirements, in ways that are currently unpredictable.

The Company expects efforts to impose reduced reimbursement, more stringent payment policies and cost controls by government and other payers to continue. If the Company cannot offset additional reductions in the payments it receives for its services by reducing costs, increasing test volume and/or introducing new procedures, it could have a material adverse impact on the Company's net revenues, profitability and cash flows.

As an employer, health care reform legislation also contains numerous regulations that will require the Company to implement significant process and record keeping changes to be in compliance. These changes increase the cost of providing healthcare coverage to employees and their families. Given the limited release of regulations to guide compliance, as well as potential changes to or repeal of the Health Care Reform Law, the exact impact to employers including the Company is uncertain.

A failure to obtain and retain new customers, a loss of existing customers or material contracts, a reduction in tests ordered or specimens submitted by existing customers, or the inability to retain existing and create new relationships with health systems could impact the Company's ability to successfully grow its business.

To offset efforts by payers to reduce the cost and utilization of clinical laboratory services and to otherwise grow its business, the Company needs to obtain and retain new customers and business partners. In addition, a reduction in tests ordered or specimens submitted by existing customers, without offsetting growth in its customer base, could impact the Company's ability to successfully grow its business and could have a material adverse impact on the Company's net revenues and profitability. The Company competes primarily on the basis of the quality of testing, timeliness of test reporting, reporting and information systems, reputation in the medical community, the pricing of services and ability to employ qualified personnel. The Company's failure to successfully compete on any of these factors could result in the loss of customers and a reduction in the Company's ability to expand its customer base.

In addition, as the broader healthcare industry trend of consolidation continues, including the acquisition of physician practices by health systems, relationships with hospital-based health systems and integrated delivery networks are becoming more important. The Company's inability to create relationships with those provider systems and networks could impact its ability to successfully grow its business.

A failure to identify and successfully close and integrate strategic acquisition targets could have a material adverse impact on the Company's business objectives and its net revenues and profitability.

Part of the Company's strategy involves deploying capital in investments that enhance the Company's business, which includes pursuing strategic acquisitions to strengthen the Company's capabilities and increase its presence in key geographic areas. Since January 1, 2013, the Company has acquired the Hospital Assets, clinical laboratories in California, New Jersey and New Mexico in addition to Clinlab, Medical Mime and CollabRx. However, the Company cannot assure that it will be able to identify acquisition targets that are attractive to the Company or that are of a large enough size to have a meaningful impact on the Company's operating results. Furthermore, the successful closing and integration of a strategic acquisition entails numerous risks, including, among others:

The Company cannot assure that current or future acquisitions, if any, or any related integration efforts will be successful, or that the Company's business will not be adversely affected by any future acquisitions, including with respect to net revenues and profitability. Even if the Company is able to successfully integrate the operations of businesses that it may acquire in the future, the Company may not be able to realize the benefits that it expects from such acquisitions.

Adverse results in material litigation matters or governmental inquiries could have a material adverse effect upon the Company's business and financial condition.

The Company may become subject in the ordinary course of business to material legal action related to, among other things, intellectual property disputes, professional liability, contracts and employee-related matters, as well as inquiries and requests for information from governmental agencies and bodies and Medicare or Medicaid carriers requesting comment and/or information on allegations of billing irregularities, billing and pricing arrangements and other matters that are brought to their attention through billing audits or third parties. The healthcare industry is subject to substantial Federal and state government regulation and audit. Legal actions could result in substantial monetary damages as well as damage to the Company's reputation with customers, which could have a material adverse effect upon its business.

As a company with limited capital and human resources, we anticipate that more of management's time and attention will be diverted from our business to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements than would be the case with a company that has well established controls and procedures. This diversion of management's time and attention may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the event we identify significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that we cannot remediate in a timely manner, or if we are unable to receive a positive attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm with respect to our internal control over financial reporting when we are required to do so, investors and others may lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. If this occurs, the trading price of our common stock, if any, and ability to obtain any necessary equity or debt financing could suffer. In addition, in the event that our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to rely on our internal control over financial reporting in connection with its audit of our financial statements, and in the further event that it is unable to devise alternative procedures in order to satisfy itself as to the material accuracy of our financial statements and related disclosures, we may be unable to file our periodic reports with the SEC. This would likely have an adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock, if any, and our ability to secure any necessary additional financing, and could result in the delisting of our common stock. In such event, the liquidity of our common stock would be severely limited and the market price of our common stock would likely decline significantly.

An inability to attract and retain experienced and qualified personnel could adversely affect the Company's business.

The loss of key management personnel or the inability to attract and retain experienced and qualified employees at the Company's clinical laboratories and at the hospital could adversely affect the business. The success of the Company is dependent in part on the efforts of key members of its management team.

In addition, the success of the Company's clinical laboratories also depends on employing and retaining qualified and experienced laboratory professionals, including specialists, who perform clinical laboratory testing services. The Company will also need to recruit and hire a complete staff for the hospital, including doctors and other healthcare professionals. In the future, if competition for the services of these professionals increases, the Company may not be able to continue to attract and retain individuals in its markets. The Company's revenues and earnings could be adversely affected if a significant number of professionals terminate their relationship with the Company or become unable or unwilling to continue their employment.

Failure in the Company's information technology systems could significantly increase testing turn-around time or billing processes and otherwise disrupt the Company's operations or customer relationships.

The Company's laboratory operations and customer relationships depend, in part, on the continued performance of its information technology systems. Despite network security measures and other precautions, the Company’s information technology systems are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptions. Sustained system failures or interruption of the Company's systems in one or more of its laboratory operations could disrupt the Company's ability to process laboratory requisitions, perform testing, provide test results in a timely manner and/or bill the appropriate party. Breaches with respect to protected health information could result in violations of HIPAA and analogous state laws, and risk the imposition of significant fines and penalties. Failure of the Company's information technology systems could adversely affect the Company's business, profitability and financial condition.

A significant deterioration in the economy could negatively impact testing volumes, cash collections and the availability of credit.

The Company's operations are dependent upon ongoing demand for diagnostic testing services by patients, physicians, hospitals, MCOs, and others. A significant downturn in the economy could negatively impact the demand for diagnostic testing as well as the ability of patients and other payers to pay for services ordered. In addition, uncertainty in the credit markets could reduce the availability of credit and impact the Company's ability to meet its financing needs in the future.

Increasing health insurance premiums and co-payments or high deductible health plans may cause individuals to forgo health insurance and avoid medical attention, either of which may reduce demand for our products and services.

Health insurance premiums, co-payments and deductibles have generally increased in recent years. These increases may cause individuals to forgo health insurance, as well as medical attention. This behavior may reduce demand for testing by our laboratories.

Our business has substantial indebtedness.

We currently have, and will likely continue to have, a substantial amount of indebtedness. Our indebtedness could, among other things, make it more difficult for us to satisfy our debt and other obligations, require us to use a large portion of our cash flow from operations to repay and service our debt or otherwise create liquidity problems, limit our flexibility to adjust to market conditions and place us at a competitive disadvantage. As of December 31, 2016, we had total debt outstanding, excluding the effects of derivative liabilities and unamortized discounts, of approximately $9.1 million, all of which is short term. In addition, our capital lease obligations were approximately $3.6 million at December 31, 2016.

Our ability to meet our obligations depends on our future performance and capital raising activities, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. If our cash flow and capital resources prove inadequate to allow us to pay the principal and interest on our debt, and meet our other obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations, restructure or refinance our debt, which we may be unable to do on acceptable terms, and forego attractive business opportunities. In addition, the terms of our existing or future debt agreements may restrict us from pursuing any of these alternatives.

Failure to achieve and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting may result in our not being able to accurately report our financial results. As a result, current and potential shareholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our stock.

Our management has determined that as of December 31, 2016, we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting based on criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework as a result of material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. If the results of our remediation efforts regarding our material weaknesses are not successful, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies are identified in our internal control over financial reporting, our management will be unable to report favorably as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and/or our disclosure controls and procedures, and we could be required to further implement expensive and time-consuming remedial measures and potentially lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have an adverse effect on our stock price and potentially subject us to litigation.

Hardware and software failures, delays in the operation of computer and communications systems, the failure to implement system enhancements or cyber security breaches may harm the Company.

The Company's success depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of its computer and communications systems. A failure of the network or data gathering procedures could impede the processing of data, delivery of databases and services, client orders and day-to-day management of the business and could result in the corruption or loss of data. While certain operations have appropriate disaster recovery plans in place, we currently do not have sufficient redundant facilities to provide IT capacity in the event of a system failure. Despite any precautions the Company may take, damage from fire, floods, hurricanes, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, break-ins, cybersecurity breaches and similar events at our various computer facilities could result in interruptions in the flow of data to the servers and from the servers to clients.

In addition, any failure by the computer environment to provide required data communications capacity could result in interruptions in service. In the event of a delay in the delivery of data, the Company could be required to transfer data collection operations to an alternative provider of server hosting services. Such a transfer could result in delays in the ability to deliver products and services to clients. Additionally, significant delays in the planned delivery of system enhancements, improvements and inadequate performance of the systems once they are completed could damage the Company's reputation and harm the business. Finally, long-term disruptions in the infrastructure caused by events such as natural disasters, the outbreak of war, the escalation of hostilities, acts of terrorism (particularly involving cities in which the Company has offices) and cybersecurity breaches could adversely affect the business. Although the Company carries property and business interruption insurance, the coverage may not be adequate to compensate for all losses that may occur.

Our Chief Executive Officer is in the process of renewing his visa to enter the United States.

Our Chief Executive Officer is Seamus Lagan, who also acts as our interim Chief Financial Officer. In 2014, through Alcimede LLC (of which Mr. Lagan is the sole manager) Mr. Lagan received an E2 Visa and worked at the Company’s offices in West Palm Beach, Florida. His visa expired in late 2016. Mr. Lagan is now in the process of applying for a new E2 visa. Historical financing activities have been completed by our CEO. No assurance can be given as to when or if his new visa will be granted, and a continued lengthy absence of Mr. Lagan from the United States may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business or ability to secure additional financing.

Provisions of Delaware law and our organizational documents may discourage takeovers and business combinations that our stockholders may consider in their best interests, which could negatively affect our stock price.

Provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company or deterring tender offers for our common stock that other stockholders may consider in their best interests.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more different series with terms to be fixed by our board of directors. Stockholder approval is not necessary to issue preferred stock in this manner. Issuance of these shares of preferred stock could have the effect of making it more difficult and more expensive for a person or group to acquire control of us, and could effectively be used as an anti-takeover device.

Our bylaws provide for an advance notice procedure for stockholders to nominate director candidates for election or to bring business before an annual meeting of stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors, and require that special meetings of stockholders be called only by our chairman of the board, chief executive officer, president or the board pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the board.

The anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law and provisions in our organizational documents may prevent our stockholders from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our common stock offered by a bidder in a takeover context. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.

As a public company, we incur significant administrative workload and expenses.

As a public company with common stock listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market, we must comply with various laws, regulations and requirements, including certain provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and The NASDAQ Stock Market. Complying with these statutes, regulations and requirements, including our public company reporting requirements, continues to occupy a significant amount of the time of our board of directors and management and involves significant accounting, legal and other expenses. We will need to hire additional accounting personnel to handle these responsibilities, which will increase our operating costs. Furthermore, these laws, regulations and requirements could make it more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

New laws and regulations as well as changes to existing laws and regulations affecting public companies, including the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and rules adopted by the SEC and by The NASDAQ Stock Market, would likely result in increased costs to us as we respond to their requirements. We are investing resources to comply with evolving laws and regulations, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management's time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our Common Stock. We anticipate that we will retain our earnings, if any, for future growth and therefore do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, our stockholders will not realize a return on their investment unless the trading price of our Common Stock appreciates, which is uncertain and unpredictable.

We may use our stock to pay, to a large extent, for future acquisitions or for the repayment of debt, which would be dilutive to investors.

We may choose to use additional stock to pay, to a large extent, for future acquisitions, and believe that doing so will enable us to retain a greater percentage of our operating capital to pay for operations and marketing. Price and volume fluctuations in our stock might negatively impact our ability to effectively use our stock to pay for acquisitions, or could cause us to offer stock as consideration for acquisitions on terms that are not favorable to us and our stockholders. If we did resort to issuing stock in lieu of cash for acquisitions under unfavorable circumstances, it would result in increased dilution to investors.

Our Common Stock is subject to substantial dilution.

The Company has outstanding options, warrants, convertible preferred stock and convertible debt. Exercise of the options and warrants, and/or conversion of the convertible preferred stock and debt could result in substantial dilution of our Common Stock and a decline in its market price.

The following table presents the dilutive effect of our various potential common shares as of December 31, 2016, as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split:

Not applicable.

The Company does not own any real property. The table below summarizes certain information as to our principal facilities as of March 23, 2016:

_______________

We believe that each of our facilities as presently equipped has the production capacity for its currently foreseeable level of operations.

From time to time, the Company may be involved in a variety of claims, lawsuits, investigations and proceedings related to contractual disputes, employment matters, regulatory and compliance matters, intellectual property rights and other litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company operates in a highly regulated industry which may inherently lend itself to legal matters. Management is aware that litigation has associated costs and that results of adverse litigation verdicts could have a material effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations. Management, in consultation with legal counsel, has addressed known assertions and predicted unasserted claims below.

The Company’s Epinex Diagnostics Laboratories, Inc. subsidiary had been sued in a California state court by two former employees who alleged that they were wrongfully terminated, as well as for a variety of unpaid wage claims. The parties entered into a settlement agreement of this matter on July 29, 2016 for approximately $0.2 million, and the settlement was consummated on August 25, 2016. In October of 2016, the plaintiffs in this matter filed a motion with the court seeking payment for attorneys’ fees in the approximate amount of $0.7 million. On March 24, 2017, the court granted plaintiffs’ motion for payment of attorneys’ fees in the amount of $0.3 million, and the Company has accrued this amount in its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the Company received notice that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) had placed a lien against Medytox and its subsidiaries related to unpaid 2014 income taxes due, plus penalties and interest, in the amount of $5.0 million. The Company paid $0.1 million toward its 2014 tax liability in March 2016. The Company filed its 2015 Federal tax return on March 15, 2016 and the accompanying election to carryback the reported net operating losses was filed in April 2016. On August 24, 2016, the lien was released, and in September of 2016 the Company received a refund from the IRS in the amount of $1.9 million. In November of 2016, the IRS commenced an audit of the Company’s 2015 Federal tax return. The Company is currently unable to predict the outcome of the audit or any liability to the Company that may result from the audit.

On September 27, 2016, a tax warrant was issued against the Company by the Florida Department of Revenue (the “DOR”) for unpaid state income taxes in the approximate amount of $0.9 million, including penalties and interest. On January 25, 2017, the Company paid the DOR $250,000 as partial payment on this liability, and in February 2017 the Company entered into a Stipulation Agreement with the DOR which will allow the Company to pay the remainder of the amount due to the DOR over a period of 12 months. If at any time during the Stipulation period the Company fails to timely file any required tax returns with the DOR or does not meet the payment obligations under the Stipulation Agreement, the entire amount due will be accelerated.

In December of 2016, TCS-Florida, L.P. (“Tetra”), filed suit against the Company for failure to make the required payments under an equipment leasing contract that the Company had with Tetra. On January 3, 2017, Tetra received a Default Judgment against the Company in the amount of $2.6 million, representing the balance owed on the leases, as well as additional interest, penalties and fees. The Company has recognized this amount in its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2016. In January and February of 2017, the Company made payments to Tetra in connection with this judgment aggregating to $0.7 million, and on February 15, 2017 the Company entered into a forbearance agreement with Tetra whereby the remaining $1.9 million due would be paid in 24 equal monthly installments, commencing on May 1, 2017.

In December of 2016, DeLage Landen Financial Services, Inc. (“DeLage”), filed suit against the Company for failure to make the required payments under an equipment leasing contract that the Company had with DeLage. On January 24, 2017, DeLage received a default judgment against the Company in the approximate amount of $1.0 million, representing the balance owed on the lease, as well as additional interest, penalties and fees. The Company has recognized this amount in its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2016. On February 8, 2017, a Stay of Execution was filed and under its terms the balance due would be paid in variable monthly installments through January of 2019, with an implicit interest rate of 4.97%.

On December 7, 2016, the holders of two outstanding notes that the Company assumed in the Merger filed suit against the Company seeking payment for the amounts due under the notes in the aggregate of $0.4 million, including accrued interest. A request for entry of default judgment was filed on January 24, 2017. The Company has attempted to work out a payment arrangement with the plaintiffs, but to date has not been able to consummate such an arrangement. A Case Management Conference is scheduled for September 5, 2017.

Not applicable.

PART II

Our common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol RNVA since November 3, 2015. Prior to that date our common stock was listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol CLRX. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market for the periods indicated, as adjusted to reflect the 1-10 reverse stock split that was effective on November 2, 2015, as well as the Reverse Stock Split. Such quotations represent inter-dealer prices without retail markup, markdown or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions:

Holders

As of March 13, 2017, there were 131 holders of record of the Company’s common stock.

Dividend Distributions

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock, nor do we anticipate any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. The Company accrued a monthly dividend to the holders of the Medytox Series B Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms of the Medytox Series B Preferred Stock. Dividends of $1,627,188 were accrued during the year ended December 31, 2015. All shares of Medytox Series B Preferred Stock were cancelled as a result of the Merger in exchange for shares of Rennova Series B Preferred Stock, which were subsequently converted into common stock. The holders of the Rennova Series G Preferred Stock and the Rennova Series H Preferred Stock receive dividends at the same time any dividend is paid on shares of common stock in an amount equal to the amount such holder would have received if such shares of preferred stock were converted into common stock.

The Company intends to retain earnings, if any, to finance the development and expansion of its business. Future dividend policy will be subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors and will be contingent upon future earnings, if any, the Company's financial condition, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors. Therefore, there can be no assurance that any dividends of any kind will ever be paid on the Company's Common Stock.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

On September 25, 2013, the Company's board of directors approved and adopted the Medytox Solutions, Inc. 2013 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan was approved by the holders of a majority of the Company's voting stock on November 22, 2013. The Plan provided for the grant of shares of common stock, options, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights and other awards. As of the date of this report, options to purchase shares of common stock and restricted shares of common stock have been granted to the Company's employees and consultants under the Plan. As a result of the Merger, this Plan was cancelled. Any grants issued prior to the cancellation remain in force, as adjusted pursuant to the terms of the Merger.

2007 Incentive Award Plan

The Company’s 2007 Equity Participation Plan (“2007 Equity Plan”), as amended, which became available upon the completion of the Merger, authorizes an aggregate of 50 million shares of common stock to be available for grant pursuant to the 2007 Equity Plan, plus the number of shares of common stock which are or become available for issuance under the 1998 Equity Plan and the Director Option Plan and which are not thereafter issued under such plans. The 2007 Equity Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance stock units, dividend equivalents, stock payments, deferred stock, restricted stock units, other stock-based awards, and performance-based awards. The option exercise price of all stock options granted pursuant to the 2007 Equity Plan will not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. Stock options may be exercised as determined by the Board, but in no event after the tenth anniversary date of grant, provided that a vested nonqualified stock option may be exercised up to 12 months after the optionee's death. Awards granted under the 2007 Equity Plan are generally subject to vesting at the discretion of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2016, 1,004,760 shares were available for issuance under the 2007 Equity Plan.

The following table provides information regarding the status of our existing equity compensation plans at December 31, 2016:

____________________

n/a - not applicable.

(1) See Note 10 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about weighted average exercise prices.

(2) Reflects shares reserved for issuance pursuant to awards which may be granted pursuant to the 2007 Equity Plan.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

On November 7, 2016, we issued 8,334 shares of our common stock to a third party consultant for services to be rendered over a 12 month period.

On November 15, 2016, we exchanged $0.1 million of accrued dividends payable to a stockholder for 7,408 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 7,408 shares of common stock.

The issuance of these securities was not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), in reliance upon the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(2) of the Securities Act as a transaction by an issuer not involving a public offering.

Not applicable.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.  This discussion contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1996.  Such statements consist of any statement other than a recitation of historical fact and can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend” or “estimate” or the negative thereof or other variations thereof or comparable terminology. The reader is cautioned that all forward-looking statements are speculative, and there are certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ from those referred to in such forward-looking statements (see Item 1A, “Risk Factors”).

COMPANY OVERVIEW

On November 2, 2015, pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 15, 2015, by and among CollabRx, Inc. (“CollabRx”), CollabRx Merger Sub, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of CollabRx formed for the purpose of the merger, and Medytox Solutions, Inc. (“Medytox”), Merger Sub merged with and into Medytox, with Medytox as the surviving company and a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of CollabRx (the “Merger”). Prior to closing, the Company amended its certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-10 reverse stock split and to change its name to Rennova Health, Inc. In connection with the Merger, each share of common stock of Medytox was converted into the right to receive 0.4096 shares of common stock of the Company and each share of Series B Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock of Medytox was converted into the right to receive one share of newly-authorized Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, respectively, of the Company. The Merger resulted in a change in control of the Company, and as a result this transaction was accounted for as a reverse merger and recapitalization in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and, as such, the financial statements presented prior to November 2, 2015 are those of Medytox and the financial statements presented after November 2, 2015 reflect the operations of the combined company.

We are a healthcare enterprise that delivers products and services to healthcare providers, their patients and individuals. Beginning in 2017, we intend to operate in four synergistic divisions: 1) Clinical diagnostics through our clinical laboratories; 2) supportive software solutions to healthcare providers including Electronic Health Records (“EHR”), Laboratory Information Systems and Medical Billing services; 3) Decision support and interpretation of cancer and genomic diagnostics; and 4) the recent addition of a hospital in Tennessee. We aspire to create a more sustainable relationship with our customers by offering needed and interoperable solutions to capture multiple revenue streams from medical providers.

Our Services

During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we operated in three business segments: (i) Clinical Laboratory Operations; (ii) Supportive Software Solutions; and (iii) Decision Support and Informatics.

Our principal line of business to date is laboratory blood and urine testing services performed by our Clinical Laboratory Operations business segment, with a particular emphasis on the provision of urine drug toxicology testing to physicians, clinics and rehabilitation facilities in the United States. Testing services to rehabilitation facilities represented approximately 75% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 95% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Our Supportive Software Solutions segment provides a customizable Electronic Health Record (“EHR”) and revenue cycle management services providing a full suite of billing services to substance abuse and behavioral health providers, as well as a dictation-based ambulatory EHR for physician practices and advanced transcription services.

Our Decision Support and Informatics business segment develops and markets medical information and clinical decision support products and services intended to set a standard for the clinical interpretation of genomics-based, precision medicine.  CollabRx offers interpretation and decision support solutions that enhance cancer diagnoses and treatment through actionable data analytics and reporting for oncologists and their patients.

On January 13, 2017, we closed on an asset purchase agreement to acquire certain assets related to Scott County Community Hospital, based in Oneida, Tennessee (the “Hospital Assets”). The Hospital Assets include a 52,000 square foot hospital building and 6,300 square foot professional building on approximately 4.3 acres. Scott County Community Hospital is classified as a Critical Access Hospital (rural) with 25 beds, a 24/7 emergency department, operating rooms and a laboratory that provides a range of diagnostic services. Scott County Community Hospital closed in July 2016 in connection with the bankruptcy filing of its parent company, Pioneer Health Services, Inc. We acquired the Hospital Assets out of bankruptcy for a purchase price of $1.0 million. We expect to have the hospital open in part in the second quarter of 2017, and that the hospital, which has since been renamed Big South Fork Medical Center, will be fully operational by the third quarter of 2017, in each case, subject to the receipt of the necessary licenses and regulatory approvals. We believe that once the hospital becomes fully operational it will provide us with a stable revenue base, as well as the potential for significant synergistic opportunities with our Clinical Laboratory Operations business segment.

Outlook

While our Clinical Laboratory Operations continue to account for a substantial portion of our consolidated revenues, these revenues have decreased significantly over the past 12 to 18 months. This decline in revenues has had a material adverse impact on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition, and is the result of increased scrutiny of all service providers, lower third-party reimbursement and our status, in many cases, as an “out of network” service provider. These trends have impacted our entire industry, and have been accompanied by allegations of irregularities in the practices of a number our competitors and substance abuse facilities. In response, we have put in place a robust compliance program that we are implementing in all facets of our business. As a result, some clients have returned to us and new ones are taking note of the compliance efforts we have been undertaking.

We believe that our ability to grow our clinical laboratory revenues and return to the profitability we experienced in fiscal 2014 and years prior are dependent on our ability to secure “in-network” contracts with insurance companies and other third party payers which will then ensure adequate and timely payment for the toxicology, clinical pharmacogenetics and other testing services we perform. These third party payers are now generally unwilling to reimburse service providers who are not part of their network, a departure from prior industry practices and a trend that has developed during the two years. While we have made some progress in securing “in network” contracts with payers during the past year, it has not been reflected in our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016. However, we do anticipate that significant new opportunities to become credentialed with certain large third party payers will arise in fiscal 2017, which would have a significant positive impact on our future revenues. In addition, we have made a number of changes to our onboarding policies and procedures to ensure that, on a going forward basis, substantially all services that we performed will be reimbursable.

We have also increased the customer base for our EHR software and billing products and therefore expect increased revenues in our Supportive Software Solutions segment in fiscal 2017.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make a number of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Such estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We base our estimates on historical experiences and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. We continue to monitor significant estimates made during the preparation of our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate estimates and assumptions based upon historical experience and various other factors and circumstances. We believe our estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results may differ from these estimates under different future conditions.

We have identified the policies and significant estimation processes discussed below as critical to our business and to the understanding of our results of operations. For a detailed application of these and other accounting policies, see Note 2 to the accompanying audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Revenue Recognition

Service revenues are principally generated from laboratory testing services, including chemical diagnostic tests such as blood analysis and urine analysis. Laboratory service revenues are recognized at the time the testing services are performed and billed and are reported at their estimated net realizable amounts.

Net service revenues are determined utilizing gross service revenues net of contractual adjustments and discounts. Even though it is the responsibility of the patient to pay for laboratory service bills, most individuals in the United States have an agreement with a third party payer such as a commercial insurance provider, Medicaid or Medicare to pay all or a portion of their healthcare expenses; the majority of services provided by us are to patients covered under a third party payer contract. In most cases, the Company is provided the third party billing information and seeks payment from the third party in accordance with the terms and conditions of the third party payer for health service providers like us. Each of these third party payers may differ not only in terms of rates, but also with respect to terms and conditions of payment and providing coverage (reimbursement) for specific tests. Estimated revenues are established based on a series of procedures and judgments that require industry specific healthcare experience and an understanding of payer methods and trends. Despite follow up billing efforts, the Company does not currently anticipate collection of a significant portion of self-pay billings, including the patient responsibility portion of the billing for patients covered by third party payers. The Company currently does not have any capitated agreements.

We review our calculations for the realizability of gross service revenues on a monthly basis in order to make certain that we are properly allowing for the uncollectable portion of our gross billings and that our estimates remain sensitive to variances and changes within our payer groups. The contractual allowance calculation is made on the basis of historical allowance rates for the various specific payer groups on a monthly basis with a greater weight being given to the most recent trends; this process is adjusted based on recent changes in underlying contract provisions and shifts in the testing being performed. This calculation is routinely analyzed by us on the basis of actual allowances issued by payers and the actual payments made to determine what adjustments, if any, are needed. Based on the calculations at December 31, 2016 and 2015, we determined that the collectible portion of our gross billings that should be reflected in net revenues was approximately 11% and 13%, respectively, of the outgoing gross billings.

Contractual Allowances and Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are reported at realizable value, net of allowances for credits and doubtful accounts, which are estimated and recorded in the period the related revenue is recorded. The Company has a standardized approach to estimating and reviewing the collectability of its receivables based on a number of factors, including the period they have been outstanding. Historical collection and payer reimbursement experience is an integral part of the estimation process related to allowances for contractual credits and doubtful accounts. In addition, the Company regularly assesses the state of its billing operations in order to identify issues which may impact the collectability of these receivables or reserve estimates. Receivables deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts at the time such receivables are written-off. Recoveries of receivables previously written-off are recorded as credits to the allowance for doubtful accounts. Historically, revisions to the allowances for doubtful accounts estimates are recorded as an adjustment to provision for bad debts within selling, general and administrative expenses.

Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets

The Company accounts for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets according to the Financial Accounting Standards Board's (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”). ASC 360 clarifies the accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets and for long-lived assets to be disposed of, including the disposal of business segments and major lines of business. Long-lived assets are reviewed when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. When necessary, impaired assets are written down to estimated fair value based on the best information available. Estimated fair value is generally based on either appraised value or measured by discounting estimated future cash flows. Considerable management judgment is necessary to estimate discounted future cash flows. Accordingly, actual results could vary significantly from such estimates.

At December 31, 2016, we determined that a portion of our laboratory service equipment was impaired and we recorded an impairment charge of $0.8 million, and we also recorded an impairment charge for our equity investment in Genomas, Inc. (“Genomas”) in the amount of $0.25 million. At December 31, 2015, we determined that all of our goodwill and intangible assets were impaired, and we recorded an impairment charge totaling $20.1 million.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Fair Value

We account for warrants issued in conjunction with the issuance of common stock and certain convertible debt instruments in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”) and ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”). For warrant instruments and conversion options embedded in promissory notes that are not deemed to be indexed to the Company’s own stock, we classify such instruments as liabilities at their fair values at the time of issuance and adjust the instruments to fair value at each reporting period. These liabilities are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until extinguished either through conversion or exercise, and any change in fair value is recognized in our statement of operations. The fair values of these derivative and other financial instruments have been estimated using a Black-Scholes model and other valuation techniques.

Stock Based Compensation

We account for Stock-Based Compensation under ASC 718 “Compensation – Stock Compensation”, which addresses the accounting for transactions in which an entity exchanges its equity instruments for goods or services, with a primary focus on transactions in which an entity obtains employee services in share-based payment transactions. ASC 718 requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award. Incremental compensation costs arising from subsequent modifications of awards after the grant date must be recognized.

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation awards to non-employees in accordance with ASC 505-50, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees. Under ASC 505-50, the Company determines the fair value of the options, warrants or stock-based compensation awards granted as either the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. Any stock options or warrants issued to non-employees are recorded in expense and additional paid-in capital in stockholders' equity/(deficit) over the applicable service periods using variable accounting through the vesting dates based on the fair value of the options or warrants at the end of each period.

Year ended December 31, 2016 compared to year ended December 31, 2015

The following table summarizes the results of our consolidated operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

Net Revenues

Consolidated net revenues were $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to $18.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $13.1 million, or 71%. The decrease is mainly due to the decline in Clinical Laboratory Operations revenue resulting from an 81% decrease in insured test volume in 2016 as compared to 2015, as a number of large third party payers are now generally unwilling to reimburse service providers who are not part of their network, a departure from prior industry practices. Our focus on the provision of diagnostic services to the substance abuse sector was a factor in this reduction of revenue. The third party payers have dramatically changed the way they reimburse for this sector. The Company has made progress in expanding into a wider and more varied market place and that combined with aggressive consolidation and cost cutting is expected to reduce the losses incurred in this sector in the future.

Direct Cost of Revenue

Direct costs of revenue decreased by 82%, from $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is a result of the 60% decline in total samples processed and the transition of a significant portion of our testing from external reference laboratories to internal processing.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased by $3.7 million, or 13%, for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the same period of a year ago. The decrease is mainly due to decreased stock-based compensation in the amount of $2.5 million, decreased contracted labor expense of $1.2 million and a reduction in employee compensation costs and related expenses of approximately $1.0 million, partially offset by expenses associated with the Company’s financial support of Epinex Diagnostics, Inc. in the amount of $0.8 million and Genomas in the amount of $0.4 million (see note 15 to the consolidated financial statements).

Sales and Marketing Expenses

The decline in sales and marketing expenses of $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily due to the decline in commissionable collections related to the decline in net revenues.

Bad Debt Expense

Bad debt expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $3.6 million, as compared to $0.1 million for the same period of a year ago, mainly due to the $3.5 million bad debt charge related to receivables in our Clinical Laboratory Operations segment.

Impairment Charges

During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized an impairment charge of $0.8 million with respect to some of our idle laboratory equipment, which was primarily due to the decrease in sample volume at our Clinical Laboratory Operations segment. In addition, we determined that our $0.25 million investment in Genomas was fully impaired at December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we determined that all of our goodwill and intangible assets were fully impaired, and we recorded an impairment charge of $20.1 million.

Engineering Expenses

Engineering expenses of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 reflect a full year of development expenses at our Decision Support and Informatics business segment, which was acquired on November 2, 2015.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared with the prior year period, mainly due to increased depreciation expense for leasehold improvements at some of our laboratory facilities.

Loss from Operations

Our operating loss decreased from $45.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $32.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is mainly due to lower impairment charges in the amount of $19.1 million and lower direct costs of revenue in the amount of $7.6 million, partially offset by the $13.1 million reduction in net revenues for the year.

Other (Expense) Income, net

Other expense, net, of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily consists of $5.4 million in non-cash gains on the change in fair value of derivative financial instruments related to convertible notes and warrants, which was more than offset by $6.3 million of interest expense, which includes interest charges of $1.3 million related to a $5 million prepaid forward purchase contract, $0.8 million related to our capital lease obligations (see “Liquidity and Capital Resources”) and $3.0 million of non-cash interest expense related to the accretion of debt discounts. Other income, net of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 includes a gain on the change in fair value of derivative instruments of $2.9 million and a gain on a legal settlement in the amount of $0.3 million, largely offset by interest expense in the amount of $2.7 million.

Income tax benefit

During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded an income tax benefit in the amount of $9.0 million, with no comparable amount in 2016.

Net loss

Our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $32.6 million, as compared to $36.0 million for the same period of a year ago. The change is primarily due to the $13.1 million decrease in operating loss in 2016, largely offset by the $9.0 million income tax benefit recognized in 2015.

The following table presents key financial and operating metrics for our Clinical Laboratory Operations segment:

The reduction in insured tests performed in 2016, negatively impacted our revenues by $14.2 million, while the increase in net revenue per insured test positively impacted our revenues by $0.5 million. The decrease in direct costs per sample resulted in a $2.4 million reduction in direct costs of revenue, while the decrease in the number of samples processed resulted in a $5.4 million reduction in direct costs of revenue.

The decrease in general and administrative expenses is due to allocations of corporate overhead in the first half of 2015, with no comparable amount in 2016.

The following table presents key financial metrics for our Supportive Software Solutions segment:

The decrease in net revenues from 2016 is due to a reduction in the amounts charged by our Supportive Software Solutions group to our Clinical Laboratory Operations group for services provided. The decrease in general and administrative expenses is primarily due to a reduction of contracted labor related to our software development activities.

The following table presents key financial metrics for our Decision Support and Informatics Operations segment:

The results above reflect a full year of operations for this business segment, which the Company began consolidating on November 2, 2015, the date of the Merger.

The following table presents key financial metrics for our Corporate group:

The increase in general and administrative expenses is mainly due to the allocation of corporate overhead expenses to other business segments in the first half of 2015, partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The Company had historically utilized cash generated from operations and various credit facilities to fund working capital needs, acquisitions and capital expenditures. Since the consummation of the Merger on November 2, 2015, we have financed our operations primarily from the sale of our equity securities, short-term advances from related parties and the proceeds we received from pledging certain of our accounts receivable as discussed below. Future cash needs for working capital, capital expenditures and potential acquisitions will require management to seek additional equity or obtain additional credit facilities. The sale of additional equity will result in additional dilution to the Company's stockholders. A portion of the Company's cash may be used to acquire or invest in complementary businesses or products or to obtain the right to use complementary technologies. From time to time, in the ordinary course of business, the Company evaluates potential acquisitions of such businesses, products or technologies.

At December 31, 2016, we had cash on hand of approximately $78,000, a working capital deficit of $16.3 million and a stockholders’ deficit of $14.9 million. In addition, we incurred a net loss of $31.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. As of the date of this report, our cash position is critically deficient and payments critical to our ability to operate are not being made in the ordinary course. Our fixed operating expenses, including payroll, rent, capital lease payments and other fixed expenses, including the costs required to reopen Big South Fork Medical Center, are approximately $2.1 million per month. Our failure to raise additional capital in the coming weeks will have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate our business. In addition, we will be required to raise additional capital in order to fund our operations for the next twelve months. There can be no assurances that we will be able to raise the necessary capital on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to secure the necessary funding as and when required, it will have a material adverse effect on our business and we may be required to downsize, further reduce our workforce, sell some of our assets or possibly curtail or even cease operations, raising substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

From time to time during the year ended December 31, 2016, we received short term advances from Christopher Diamantis, a member of our Board of Directors, in the amount of $5.7 million to assist us with our working capital requirements. All of these advances were repaid during 2016 with the proceeds we received from the various debt and equity issuances discussed below. In January and February of 2017, we received additional advances from Mr. Diamantis in the amount of $3.3 million. On March 7, 2017 we issued a promissory note to Mr. Diamantis in the amount of $3.8 million (the “2017 Diamantis Note”) in connection with the advances we received in 2017, plus accrued and unpaid interest reflecting the advances we received in both fiscal 2016 and 2017, in the amount of $0.5 million.

On February 2, 2017, we issued $1.59 million of convertible debentures (the “February Debentures”) and received net proceeds of $1.5 million.

On March 21, 2017, we issued $10.85 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Original Issue Discount Convertible Debentures due two years from the date of issuance (the “Convertible Debentures”) and three series of warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock to several accredited investors. We received net proceeds from this transaction in the approximate amount of $8.4 million. We used $3.8 million of the net proceeds to repay the 2017 Diamantis Note and $0.75 million of the net proceeds to make a partial repayment on the TCA Debenture (as defined below). The remainder of the net proceeds are being used for general corporate purposes. In conjunction with the issuance of the Convertible Debentures, the holder of the February Debentures exchanged these debentures for $2.5 million of new debentures (the “Exchange Debentures” and, collectively with the Convertible Debentures, the “Debentures”) on the same terms as, and pari passu with, the Convertible Debentures and warrants. Additionally, the holders of an aggregate of $2.2 million stated value of the Company’s Series H Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series H Preferred Stock”) exchanged such preferred stock into $2.7 million principal amount of Exchange Debentures and warrants. All of the Debentures contain a 24% original issue discount.

The Debentures are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price equal of $1.66 per share, subject to adjustment as more fully described in the Debentures. The Debentures will begin to amortize monthly commencing on the 90^th day following the closing date, except for the Exchange Debentures related to the Series H Preferred Stock, which began to amortize monthly on the closing date. On each monthly amortization date, the Company may elect to repay 5% of the original principal amount of Debentures in cash or, in lieu thereof, the conversion price of such Debentures will thereafter be 85% of the volume weighted average price at the time of conversion. In the event the Company does not elect to pay such amortization amounts in cash, each investor, in their sole discretion, may increase the conversion amount subject to the alternative conversion price by up to four times the amortization amount. The conversion price is subject to “full ratchet” and other customary anti-dilution protections as more fully described in the Debentures. The Debentures are secured by all of our assets and are guaranteed by all of our subsidiaries.

We are obligated to file a registration statement registering for resale the shares underlying the Debentures and warrants on or before April 7, 2017, and to use our best efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective within 45 days of filing, or 75 days if the registration statement is reviewed. Additionally, we are required to seek shareholder approval to issue in excess of 20% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock.

On March 31, 2016, we entered into an agreement to pledge certain of our accounts receivable as collateral against a prepaid forward purchase contract. The receivables had an estimated collectable value of $8.7 million which had been adjusted down to approximately $4.3 million and nil on our balance sheet as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The consideration received was $5.0 million. In exchange for the consideration received, the counterparty received the right to: (i) a 20% per annum investment return from the Company on the consideration, with a minimum repayment term of six months and minimum return of $0.5 million, (ii) all payments recovered from the accounts receivable up to $5.25 million, if paid in full within six months, or $5.5 million, if not paid in full within six months, and (iii) 20% of all payments of the accounts receivable in excess of amounts received in (i) and (ii). As of March 31, 2017, we had not collected any amounts due on these receivables, and $6.0 million is currently due to the counterparty. We currently do not have the financial resources to satisfy this obligation. Mr. Diamantis has guaranteed the Company's payment obligation under this agreement.

On November 3, 2016, we received a Notice of Default from TCA Global Credit Master Fund, LP (“TCA”), the holder of a secured convertible debenture with an outstanding principal amount of $3.0 million (the “TCA Debenture”), related to our failure to pay the monthly principal and interest payments required under the TCA Debenture. Prior to our issuance of the Convertible Debentures on March 21, 2017, we had not made the last six required payments under the TCA Debenture, other than a $0.4 million payment we made in February of 2017. In conjunction with the issuance of the Convertible Debentures on March 21, 2017, we entered into a letter agreement with TCA, which (i) waives any non-payment default through March 21, ; (ii) provides for the $0.75 million payment discussed above; (iii) sets forth a revised repayment schedule whereby the remaining principal plus interest aggregating to approximately $2.6 million is repaid in various monthly installments from April of 2017 through September of 2017; and (iv) provides for payment of an additional service fee in the amount of $150,000. In addition, TCA entered into an intercreditor agreement with the purchasers of the Convertible Debentures which sets forth rights, preferences and priorities with respect to the security interests in our assets.

In December of 2016, TCS-Florida, L.P. (“Tetra”), filed suit against us for our failure to make the required payments under an equipment leasing contract that we had with Tetra. On January 3, 2017, Tetra received a Default Judgment against us in the amount of $2.6 million, representing the balance owed on the leases, as well as additional interest, penalties and fees. In January and February of 2017, we made payments to Tetra in connection with this judgment aggregating to $0.7 million, and on February 15, 2017 we entered into a forbearance agreement with Tetra whereby the remaining $1.9 million due would be paid in 24 equal monthly installments of $77,400 commencing on May 1, 2017.

In December of 2016, DeLage Landen Financial Services, Inc. (“DeLage”), filed suit against us for failure to make the required payments under an equipment leasing contract that we had with DeLage. On January 24, 2017, DeLage received a default judgment against us in the approximate amount of $1.0 million, representing the balance owed on the lease, as well as additional interest, penalties and fees. On February 8, 2017, a Stay of Execution was filed and under its terms the balance due is to be paid in variable monthly installments commencing in February of 2017 through January of 2019, with an implicit interest rate of 4.97%.

On December 20, 2016, we completed a public offering whereby the Company issued 12,350 shares of Series H Preferred Stock and received net proceeds of $11.8 million, net of offering costs of $0.5 million. The Series H Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000 per share and is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $2.70 per share. A total of $8.3 million of the net proceeds received from this offering was used to redeem 8,346 shares of our Series G Preferred Stock.

On December 7, 2016, the holders of the Tegal Notes (see note 7 to the consolidated financial statements) filed suit against the Company seeking payment for the amounts due under the notes in the aggregate of $0.4 million, including accrued interest. A request for entry of default judgment was filed on January 24, 2017. The Company has attempted to work out a payment arrangement with the plaintiffs, but to date has not been able to consummate such an arrangement.

In September of 2016, we received $0.4 million from the sale of convertible notes and warrants. On March 13, 2017 these securities were exchanged for 400,000 shares of our common stock.

Also in September of 2016, we were issued warrants from the Florida Department of Revenue (the “DOR”) for unpaid taxes related to the Company’s 2014 state income tax return in the amount of $0.9 million, including interest and penalties. On January 25, 2017, the Company paid the DOR $250,000 as partial payment on this liability, and in February 2017 the Company entered into a Stipulation Agreement with the DOR which requires monthly payments of $35,000 from March 2017 through January of 2018 and a final payment of approximately $0.3 million in February 2018. Under certain circumstances, the Company may be permitted to spread the final $0.3 million payment over an additional 12 months subsequent to January 2018. If at any time during the Stipulation period the Company fails to timely file any required tax returns with the DOR or does not meet the payment obligations under the Stipulation Agreement, the entire amount due will be accelerated.

On July 19, 2016, we closed a public offering of our equity securities whereby we issued 19,115,000 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase an additional 19,115,000 shares of our common stock and received net proceeds of approximately $7.5 million. In conjunction with this offering, we also issued an additional 303,633 warrants to cover over-allotments. The proceeds were used for working capital and general corporate purposes, continued development of new diagnostics processes and methodologies, continued development, roll out and implementation of EHR and Revenue Cycle Management services, acquisitions and expansion of our business and for the repayment of certain related party notes and advances, including the outstanding balance on a related party note in the amount of $750,000, and $2.7 million that was owed to Mr. Diamantis.

The following table presents our capital resources as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

The following table presents the major sources and uses of cash for year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

The components of cash used in operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 is presented in the following table:

The decrease in cash used in investing activities is primarily due to the completion of the build out of our Riviera Beach, Florida laboratory in 2015.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, we received proceeds from the issuance of equity securities of $19.3 million, partially offset by the redemption of preferred stock in the amount of $8.3 million, received proceeds from the issuance of non-related party debt in the amount of $5.4 million, made net repayments of related party debt in the amount of $4.4 million and made payments on capital leases of $0.9 million. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we received proceeds from the issuance of equity securities of $8.8 million and proceeds from the issuance of third party and related party debt in the amount of $8.6 million, made payments on notes payable and capital leases of $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively, and paid dividends on Medytox preferred stock in the amount of $0.4 million.

OTHER MATTERS

Inflation

We do not believe inflation has a significant effect on the Company’s operations at this time.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Through December 31, 2016, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other commercially narrow or limited purposes.

Potential de-Listing of the Company’s Common Stock

On January 11, 2017, we were notified by Nasdaq that we no longer comply with Nasdaq's audit committee requirements as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605 (the "Rule"), which requires the audit committee of the Company's board of directors to have at least three members, each of whom must be independent directors as defined under the Rule. With the passing of Benjamin Frank in December of 2016, our audit committee currently consists of two independent directors. In accordance with Nasdaq Rule 5605(c)(4), We have until the earlier of our next annual shareholders' meeting or December 18, 2017 to regain compliance; or, if our next annual shareholders' meeting is held before June 16, 2017, then we must evidence compliance no later than June 16, 2017. If we do not regain compliance by the foregoing applicable dates, then Nasdaq will provide written notification to the Company that its securities will be delisted.

Not applicable.

RENNOVA HEALTH, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

Index to Financial Statements

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Rennova Health, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Rennova Health, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Rennova Health, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company has significant net losses and cash flow deficiencies. Those conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans regarding those matters are described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ Green & Company, CPAs

Green & Company, CPAs

Temple Terrace, Florida

April 10, 2017

RENNOVA HEALTH, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

RENNOVA HEALTH, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

RENNOVA HEALTH, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

RENNOVA HEALTH, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

For the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

(continued)